Methodology Unity in diversity How to we jog

Methodology: Unity in diversity? How to we jog ourselves into thinking differently, newly? • There is more than one kind of modernization in the real world (e. g. there are differing configurations of state/ market/ society/ university) • There is more than one kind of globalization (= world-wide integration and convergence) • There is more than one normative global project • There is more than one understanding of modernization, and globalization. Understandings differ by national-culture and by disciplines • It is possible to identify empirical judgments we hold in common, and values we hold in common

Individual and collective benefits of HE and science: The same everywhere? individualised 1 Individualised national goods Individual agency freedom Better social position Augmented earnings and employment rates national Lifetime health and financial outcomes, etc 3 Collective national goods Economic capability and evolution of occupations Shared social literacy, opportunity structure Inputs to government Stronger regions, cities 2 Individualised global goods Cross-border mobility and employability Communications facility Knowledge of diverse languages and cultures Access to global science global 4 Collective global goods Universal global science: collaborative challenges Diverse knowledge fields Zone of free critical inquiry Systems for exchange, collaboration, mobility collective

Differing political and educational cultures United States Nordic Post-Confucian (East Asia and Singapore) Nation-state Limited liberal state, federal, separation from economy/market and civil institutions, constraints on state intervention. HEIs in civil society? Comprehensive Nordic welfare state, unitary, equated with society, fosters cooperative and egalitarian HEIs as part of state/society Comprehensive Sinic state, includes HE, politics commands economy. Unitary and high status state (top graduates enter state service) Educational culture Meritocratic and competitive HE market. Highly stratified, but education seen as common road to wealth/status within advancing prosperity Egalitarian, free of charge, cooperative, universal, public. Low stratification of HEIs. HE a state guaranteed medium for equal opportunity Education for filial duty and social status in stratified HE system. Confucian commitment to self-cultivation at home plus state belief in economic benefits State and family role in higher education State frames hierarchical market and steps back. Middle class family increasingly invests private resources State supervises high quality egalitarian provision. Autonomy of HEIs. Family citizen right to free education State supervises, shapes and drives the sector. Managed autonomy. Family invests much energy, time, money

What about global public and common goods? • ‘Global public goods are goods that have a significant element of non-rivalry and/or non-excludability and made broadly available across populations on a global scale. They affect more than one group of countries, are broadly available within countries, and are inter-generational; that is, they meet needs in the present generation without jeopardizing future generations. ’ ~ Inge Kaul, I. Grunberg and Marc Stern (Eds. ), Global Public Goods: International cooperation in the 21 st century, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 2– 3

Common ground on global common goods? • Common goods pertaining to human rights, social solidarity and equality, intercultural cooperation and international understanding, might be among the generic common goods in higher education. • Also global common goods specific to higher education - communications and mobility between universities - research knowledge in all disciplines - networked space for free inquiry and learning • Who pays for global common goods and how are they regulated?

Chinese to English lexicon (Yang Lili) Term in Chinese English meaning Comments 仁 Ren ‘Benevolence’, ‘Human-heartedness’, or ‘Humanity’. It is an abstract term that refers to an important virtue and is often used to describe a person ‘仁’is a core term in Confucianism 天下 Tian Xia All under heaven; everything on earth (including human beings, living creatures, natural resources…) 公 Gong Public; common; justice; for all’s benefits; altruism and selfless spirit; state; social; international; openly; official; equally divided; male; Duke No explicit explanations of ‘公’ in Chinese, similar to ‘public’ in English. Different meanings in varied situations. 天下为公 Tian Xia Wei Gong All under heaven is for all: people’s pursuit of universal love, which includes fairness between others and oneself, people overlook specific differences in reality and seek an abstract equality No explicit connotations of ‘公’（public), meaning of ‘天下为公needs further exploration

English to Chinese lexicon (Yang Lili) Term in Chinese English meaning Comments state 国家：政治上结合在一个主权政府 之下的，有固定领土的，由一个或 多个民族组成的人民的实体；中央 政府。 Direct translation of ‘state’ in Chinese is ‘国家’, could refer to both meanings as an Anglo. American term and a Chinese term, the latter more often accepted and used in Chinese society 社会：由居住在一起的人们构成的 ‘社会’ is a widely-used word 一个有序的集体；由拥有共同传统、 translated from ‘society’, so they 组织机构、共同利益而互相联系起 have high degree of overlap 来的人群；通过互动而逐渐形成的 拥有特定组织形态和关系的团体 Though two terms represent the 个人：单独一个人，与集体相对应 same meaning, ‘individual’ 而言；某个特定的人；单一个体。 further reflects Anglo-American ‘individualism’ that the Chinese term does not naturally have. 公共利益；公共物品；国有利益/物 品 individual public goods

From which perspective? Or a combined perspective? • ‘Observations are unavoidably position-based, but scientific reasoning need not, of course, be based on observational information from one specific position only. There is a need for what may be called ‘trans-positional’ assessment— drawing on but going beyond different positional observations. The constructed ‘view from nowhere’ would then be based on synthesizing different views from distinct positions. The positional objectivity of the respective observations would still remain important but not in itself adequate. . ’ ~ Amartya Sen, Rationality and Freedom, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. , 2002, p. 467.

How to combine different perspectives? • The differing perspectives include the various nationalcultural ‘ways of seeing’; and disciplinary ways of seeing • ‘A trans-positional scrutiny would also demand some kind of coherence between different positional views’ ~ Amartya Sen, 2002 • Sen’s suggestions include - Negotiation between different national positions (which he sources in John Rawls) - The ‘impartial spectator’, sympathetic to all, but of none (which he sources in Adam Smith)

Can we identify perspectives and judgments in relation to the global setting 1. That we hold in common, 2. Where we acknowledge (and possibly value) diversity of views?