Mental Models User Models 3 2 Mental models

3. 2. 1. Conceptual Model ○ Metaphor ○ ○ uses of the similarity of

○ Mappings, Task-Action Grammars and Plans ○ ○ describe the links between the task

3. 3. User Model ○ The model computer s/w has of the user (Fig

3. 3. 6. Evaluation of User Models ○ Evaluation Criteria ○ ○ ○ Evaluation

3. 3. 8 User Models for Information Access Information Retrieval and Information Filtering ○

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Mental Models & User Models 3. 2. Mental models ○ ○ ○ models are approximations to objects/processes which maintain some essential aspects of the original the ways in which people model processes (Fig 1) the combination of a representation and the mechanism associated with those representations incomplete, inconsistent analogs of real-world processes Prediction, explanation and diagnosis, training USER INTERFACE LABORATORY

3. 2. 1. Conceptual Model ○ Metaphor ○ ○ uses of the similarity of one process with which a person is familiar to teach that person about a different process can be counterproductive because of imperfect match to the actual process and incorrect generalizations from the metaphor ○ Surrogates ○ descriptions of the mechanisms underlying the process USER INTERFACE LABORATORY

○ Mappings, Task-Action Grammars and Plans ○ ○ describe the links between the task and the actions Mappings are suitable for describing learnability and as a basis for design Grammars describe systematic variations of complex sequences Planning integrate tasks and actions (GOMS) ○ Proposition Knowledge USER INTERFACE LABORATORY

3. 3. User Model ○ The model computer s/w has of the user (Fig 2) 3. 3. 1. User Model Inputs ○ ○ Explicit Profiles Inferences from User Behavior 3. 3. 2. Degree of Personalization ○ ○ Baserate Predictions – statistical & social norms, laws User Categorizations (Fig 3) ○ ○ ○ Simple demographics to complex personality constructs Novice-expert distinction USER INTERFACE stereotype LABORATORY

3. 3. 6. Evaluation of User Models ○ Evaluation Criteria ○ ○ ○ Evaluation Technique ○ ○ Relevance, Accuracy, Generality, Adaptability Ease of development and maintenance, Utility Turing test, reliability, validity Social Implications of User Models ○ Privacy USER INTERFACE LABORATORY

3. 3. 8 User Models for Information Access Information Retrieval and Information Filtering ○ Relevance feedback (Fig 6) Information and Aesthetic Preferences ○ Collaborating filtering 3. 3. 9 Collaborative Filtering for Info Preferences USER INTERFACE LABORATORY

USER INTERFACE LABORATORY