Memory Organization Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313 CPU 8088
- Slides: 42
Memory Organization Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313
CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit 1 M RAM
CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit 8 M RAM
Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit 16 M RAM
Pentium MMX 200 MHz 32 Bit 48 M RAM
Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit 128 M RAM
Pentium M 1. 6 GHz 32 Bit 512 M RAM
Core 2 Duo 2. 0 GHz 32/64 Bit 4 G RAM
Core i 5 1. 33 – 1. 86 GHz 32/64 Bit 4 G RAM
What has changed the least?
MHz RAM CPU Bits
What does “Bits” mean?
A CPU “bits” is typically defined by: n ALU Size How many bits can be computed at one time? n Bus Size How many bits can be transferred on the bus? n Memory Address Size How many address bits are in the instruction?
How many bits Is this PIC CPU?
16 -bit operation on a 8 -bit CPU Microchip PIC 16 series. . . . 0017: BCF 03. 6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001 A: MOVWF 21. . . . . 001 B: MOVLW 02 001 C: ADDWF 21, F 001 D: BTFSC 03. 0 001 E: INCF 22, F int 16 i; i=1; i = i+2;
. . . . 0017: BCF 03. 6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001 A: MOVWF 21. . . . . 001 B: MOVLW 02 001 C: ADDWF 21, F 001 D: BTFSC 03. 0 001 E: INCF 22, F int 16 i; i=1; i = i+2; 0 1
16 -bit operation on a 16 -bit CPU Microchip PIC 24 series. . . . . int 16 i; . . i=1; 00210: MOV #1, W 4 00212: MOV W 4, 802. . . . . i = i+2; 00214: MOV 802, W 4 00216: ADD W 4, #2, W 4 00218: MOV W 4, 802
Memory Limit of 32 bit Machines = 4 Giga Bytes
How to support bigger memory? 1. Upgrade to 64 -bit systems 64 -bit CPU 64 -bit OS
Limitation of moving to 64 -bit systems Need 64 -bit Hardware Drivers Applications need to be re-compiled with a 64 -bit compiler
How to support bigger memory? 2. Expand existing bits
วธแกปญหาของ Intel Physical Address Extension (PAE) 4 bits 32 bits = 64 GB
PAE Support CPU with PAE (Since P-Pro) PAE Aware OS
Benefits of PAE n Backward Compatible Limitations n Taking advantage of the added memory still requires changes in the software
Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?
How big can we get? 1 kilobyte 1 megabyte 1 gigabyte 1 terabyte 1 petabyte 1 exabyte 1 zettabyte 1 yottabyte 1 xonabyte 1 wekabyte 1 vundabyte 1, 024 1, 048, 576 1, 073, 741, 824 1, 099, 511, 627, 776 1, 125, 899, 906, 842, 624 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976 1, 180, 591, 620, 717, 411, 303, 424 1, 208, 925, 819, 614, 629, 174, 706, 176 1, 237, 940, 039, 285, 380, 274, 899, 124, 224 1, 267, 650, 600, 228, 229, 401, 496, 703, 205, 376 1, 298, 074, 214, 633, 706, 907, 132, 624, 082, 305, 024 264 = 18, 446, 744, 073, 709, 551, 616 ~ 18 exabyte
Amount of RAM (GB) in a typical computer About 4 TB in 2025 ��
64 -Bit Architectures IA-64 True 64 bit CPU AMD 64, EM 64 T Or X 86 -64 Hybrid 32/64 bit CPU
A hybrid 32/64 bit system n Has the benefits of a 64 -bit programs n Can also run older 32 -bit programs n 32 -Bit programs will not benefit from the 64 bit architecture n Architecture not as clean as true 64 -bit systems
What is wrong with this call command? 0 x 500 คำสง 0 x 501 CALL 0 x 900 … … คำสงถดไป 0 x 900
K = 11 bit Maximum memory = 2^11 = 2 K Bytes
PIC 16 F 877 has 8 K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it? 7 4 3 0 PCLATH (F# 0 x 0 A) Bit 3 -4 in PCLATH are used for memory access Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8 K Bytes
Creating a 13 bit memory address 13 OPCODE CALL or GOTO 4 3 7 11 10 0 k (Literal) 0 PCLATH 12 10 0 13 Bit Memory Address
12 10 0 2 K 2 K PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2 KBytes
Fix this program 0 x 500 คำสง 0 x 501 CALL 0 x 900 … … คำสงถดไป 0 x 900
Address 0 x 900 exceeds 11 bits 12 10 0 0 x 900 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x 01 0 x 100
12 10 0 0 x 900 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x 01 0 x 100 0 x 4 FF BCF PCLATH, 4 0 x 500 BSF PCLATH, 3 0 x 501 CALL 0 x 100 … … คำสงถดไป 0 x 900
- Architecture of 8086 microprocessor with block diagram
- Reset pin in 8086
- Eightyfive
- Microprocessor and interfacing tutorial
- Memory organization of 80386
- Adc 8085
- 8085 interfacing
- 80386 microprocessor pin diagram
- Interrupt in 8085
- Data bus in microprocessor
- Mikroprosesor 8088
- 8088 instruction set
- Processador 8088
- 8086 vs 8088
- 68030 pinout
- 8086 vs 8088
- 8086 vs 8088
- 8086 microprocessor features
- Internal memory and external memory
- Primary memory and secondary memory
- Virtual memory
- Modello von neumann
- Alternating pattern essay
- Semantic memory example
- Implicit and explicit memory
- Long term memory vs short term memory
- Logical memory is broken into
- Which memory is the actual working memory?
- Virtual memory in memory hierarchy consists of
- Eidetic memory vs iconic memory
- Shared vs distributed memory
- Lcd and keyboard interfacing
- Peripheral and interfacing
- Microcontroller interfacing to dac
- Adc dac interfacing with 8051
- Internal memory organization of 8051 microcontroller
- Memory cycle of plc
- Explain interleaved and associative memory
- Cache read operation flowchart
- Cache memory organization
- Internal organization of memory chips
- Memory organization in computer architecture
- Virtual memory organization