Memory Memory The persistence of learning over time

Memory

Memory �The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Three Kinds of Memory �Episodic where were you when…? �Generic (Semantic) what you learn in classes �Procedural skills you’ve learned

Three Processes for Memory Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Processes

Encoding • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

Encoding �Primacy Effect �Recency Effect �Serial Positioning Effect � Activity!

Demo Tired Pillow Snooze Drowsy Naptime Weary Bedspread Slumber Doze Dream Sandman Blanket Siesta Moonlight Yawn Nighttime

Encoding �Primacy Effect: Tendency to recall initial items in a series of items �Recency Effect: Tendency to recall last items in a series of items �Serial Positioning Effect �More time to rehearse or most recent

Primacy Effect Recency Effect Recall % Serial Position of word

False Memory �How many of you remembered the word sleep? (It wasn’t actually on the list)

Retrieval �Flashbulb Memories So surprising or significant, we mentally photographed its details �Context Dependent Memory Same place, location (study in the same classroom) �State Dependent Memory State of mind, mood, emotion

Retrieval �Constructive Memory • Memories are not always what they seem • Elizabeth Loftus (video) • A constructed memory is a created memory • Misinformation effect

Storage �Maintenance Rehearsal Repeating information over and over again �Elaborative Rehearsal More effective, like using the word in a sentence rather than just repeating it �Organizational Systems Schemas!

Three Stages of Memory �Sensory �Short-term �Long-term

Sensory �A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original form Accurate, photographic memories: iconic memory Vast capacity, very short duration (about 30 sec. ) Exists for all of our senses

Echoic memory �All of you have experienced it: You’re not paying attention & someone asks you a question. You ask, “what? ” but before they answer you hear the question.

Short-Term “Working Memory” The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM • Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically • Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds • We recall digits better than letters • •

Long-Term �Unlimited storehouse of information �Explicit (declarative) memories �Implicit (non-declarative) memories

Explicit �Episodic �Semantic

Implicit �Procedural �Conditioned HM Video

LTM versus Working Memory �HM maintained excellent working memory, but obviously could not form new long-term memories. �Other cases studies show opposite results.

Memory Tasks & Forgetting �Tasks Recognition Recall Relearning

Recognition �you must identify the target from possible targets � multiple-choice tests

Forgetting

Recall �you must retrieve the information from your memory �fill-in-the blank or essay tests

Relearning �Sometimes we do not remember things we once knew �I may not remember Calculus, but I can probably relearn it quicker than before

Forgetting • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. • Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. • Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name

Amnesia �Infantile You cannot remember things before about age 3, but you think you do Babies live in the present, and aren’t developed Only episodic amnesia, not procedural! �Anterograde Prevents new memories to form �Retrograde Cannot remember before the accident at all

Improving Your Memory! �Chunking CIAFBINYPDABCTNT CIA FBI NYPD ABC TNT �Drill & Practice Flashcards �Relate it to something you already know �Unusual Associations �Mnemonics (multiple kinds) Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism OCEAN