Memory Introduction and Application Three stages of processing

Memory – Introduction and Application Three stages of processing an event Encoding Storage Retrieval Factors that can affect memory in these three stages • Encoding stage factors Violence, Unconscious Transference, Divided Attention • Storage stage factors Time factors • Retrieval stage factors Expectations, Misremembering

Three Steps in Processing an Important Event: • The encoding stage--perception of the original event • The storage stage--time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information • The retrieval stage--recall of the stored information

Encoding Stage Factors: Violence • Weapons Focus - Loftus. • Violence towards a Child - Loftus and Burns Unconscious Transference • Donald Thompson - falsely accused • Robbery in the Cafeteria - Ross and Ceci Divided Attention

Storage Stage Factors Time Factors • A Self Test • How Long Before We Forget? -Shepherd

Shepard Results 99. 7% 92% % Recalled 87% 57. 7% 2 Hrs. 3 Days 7 Days 4 Mths.

Retrieval Stage Factors Expectations • Telephone game - Allport and Postman Mis-remembering • Mis-remembering and the Just Desserts Case • Misinformation Effect - Loftus

Three Experimental Situations in the Misinformation Paradigm (Loftus) • Subjects view an event • Subjects are exposed to (misleading) information about the event • Subjects recall the event to see if the misleading information has had an effect

How fast were the cars going when they ******* each other? Contacted Hit Bumped Collided into Smashed into

Loftus 1 Speed estimates for the different verbs used in the witness question 38 mph Estimated Speed 32 mph Contacted 39 mph 41 mph 34 mph Hit Bumped Collided Smashed