Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 classic model of

Memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin, (1968) classic model of memory

Baddeley, (1992) ‘modern’ model of memory

Storage: Sensory Memory

Short-Term/Working Memory �On the next slides you will see a series of numbers. I will also say the numbers out loud. After I say the last number, the numbers will disappear. �Silently, write the numbers, in the exact order, on your paper.

2831

74139

497215

5183926

16953472

362514798

6154983287

89316427513

STM – The Magic #7 +/- 2 • Short-Term Memory – memory that holds onto about seven sensory inputs for about twenty seconds

Retrieval Cues �On each of the following slides will be a short sentence. You should read it to yourself as I say it out loud. �At the end of all of the sentences, you will need to write down as many of the sentences as you can remember. �You will only need to write the key words. For example, if the sentence was: “A bobby pin can be used as a key, ” you could simply write: “Bobby pin, key. ”

A brick can be used as a doorstop.

A ladder can be used as a bookshelf.

A wine bottle can be used as a candleholder.

A pan can be used as a drum.

A record can be used to serve potato chips.

A guitar can be used as a canoe paddle.

A leaf can be used as a bookmark.

An orange can be used to play catch.

A newspaper can be used to swat flies.

A TV antenna can be used as a clothes rack.

A sheet can be used as a sail.

A boat can be used as a shelter.

A bathtub can be used as a punch bowl.

A flashlight can be used to hold water.

A rock can be used as a paperweight.

A knife can be used to stir paint.

A pen can be used as an arrow.

A barrel can be used as a chair.

A rug can be used as a bedspread.

A telephone can be used as an alarm clock.

A scissors can be used to cut grass.

A board can be used as a ruler.

A balloon can be used as a pillow.

A shoe can be used to pound nails.

A dime can be used as a screwdriver.

A lampshade can be used as a hat.

Retrieval Cues �Write down the key words of as many sentences that you can remember. The sentences do not need to be in any particular order. �When you are finished, turn the paper over and prepare to write as many of the key words from the sentences again, but this time you will be given a little help.

Flashlight Sheet Rock Newspaper Telephone Boat Dime Wine bottle Board Pen Balloon Ladder Record Brick Knife TV antenna Pan Lampshade Barrel Shoe Rug Guitar Orange Scissors Bathtub Leaf

Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect Next-in-line Effect

Encoding

Mnemonics �Peg word �Method of loci �Chunking � 1776, 1812, 1861, 1898, 1917, 1941, 1950, 1963, 1991

Ebbinhaus’ retention curve GOV, NUV, LOM, KEL

Long-Term Memory

A Quick Exercise in LTM Answer the following questions about everyday things that should be in your LTM 1. Whose portrait is on the ten dollar bill? 2. What two letters do not appear on a standard land phone? 3. What is the color of the top stripe of the American flag? 4. The bottom stripe? 5. How many red and how many white stripes does the flag have?

Retrieval �Recall vs. Recognition, Part 1 ◦ Write down the number of any word that you believe is misspelled. 1. Acomplishment 2. Acheivement 3. Consolidate 4. Consistant 5. Reccommend 6. Maintainance Write out the word with the correct spelling.

Recall vs. Recognition, Part 1 I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Accomplishment Achievement Consolidate Consistent Recommend Maintenance

More recall vs. recognition �On the sheet of paper, write down as many of the names of the seven dwarfs from the Disney version of Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs.

Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs Sniffy Ziggy Happy Skippy Dopey Stumbly Doc Giggly Scooby Goofy Grumpy Stubby Bashful Snoozy Scrappy Sleepy Bossy Sneezy Wheezy Giggles

Watch and listen carefully. . . GXCOTRLMBWQ

Silently, begin counting backwards by threes from 100 until I tell you to stop. 100. . . 97. . . 94. . . • GXCOTRLMBWQ

Proactive or Retroactive Interference? �Proactive – (forward-acting) the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information �Retroactive – (backward-acting) the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information