MEIOSIS 11 4 http waynesword palomar edulmexer 2

MEIOSIS 11 -4 http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/lmexer 2 a. htm Making gametes…

Interest Grabber 1. How many chromosomes would a sperm or an egg contain if either one resulted from the process of mitosis? 46 chromosomes 2. If a sperm containing 46 chromosomes fused with an egg containing 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the resulting fertilized egg contain? Do you think this would create any problems in the developing embryo? 46 + 46 = 92; a developing embryo would not survive if it contained 92 chromosomes. 3. In order to produce a fertilized egg with the appropriate number of chromosomes (46), how many chromosomes should each sperm and egg have? Sperm and egg should each have 23 chromosomes.

Meiosis is used for reproduction. REPRODUCE so all ALL LIVING THINGS _____ living things must go through the process of meiosis. Planaria animation: http: //www. t 3. rim. or. jp/~hylas/planaria/title. htm Family http: //babyhearing. org/Parenet 2 Parent/index. asp

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Bacteria reproduce using http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Bookmito. html BINARY FISSION _________________ http: //fig. cox. miami. edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c 7. 13. 2. hydra. jpg Budding & regeneration are used by plants and animals to reproduce asexually (mitosis) Planaria animation: http: //www. t 3. rim. or. jp/~hylas/planaria/title. htm

Binary fission and mitosis reproduce identical cells that are _____ copies of the parent cell.

ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Can make offspring faster Don’t need a partner http: //www. mrgrow. com/images/cutting. jpg

DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Organisms are ALL ALIKE Species CAN’T change and adapt http: //www. mrgrow. com/images/cutting. jpg One disease can wipe out whole population

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http: //babyhearing. org/Parenet 2 Parent/index. asp Combines genetic material from 2 parents (sperm & egg) so offspring are DIFFERENT genetically _____ from parents

ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Allows for variation in populations Individuals can be different Provides foundation for EVOLUTION Allow species adapt to changes in their environment http: //naturalsciences. sdsu. edu/classes/lab 8/spindex. html

WHY MEIOSIS? Image by Riedell EGG Image by Riedell + http: //www. angelbabygifts. com/ SPERM Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cells. If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells. . . baby would have too many chromosomes! http: //www. acmecompany. com/stock_thumbnails/13217. forty-six_chromosomes. jpg

MEIOSIS is the way… http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/lmexer 2 a. htm Meiosis Overview to make cells with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction

DIPLOID & HAPLOID Most cells have 2 copies of each chromosome DIPLOID or _____ 2 n = _____ (one from mom; one from dad) 2 copies of each chromosome is called: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES = SOMATIC All BODY (______) cells are diploid

DIPLOID & HAPLOID Some cells have only one copy of each HAPLOID 1 n chromosome = _______ All sperm and egg cells are haploid

MITOSIS • Makes ___ 2 cells genetically identical _____ to parent cell & to each other 2 n • Makes ___ cells • Makes _____ SOMATIC (body) cells • Used by organisms to: increase size of organism, repair injuries, replace worn out cells http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/lmexer 2 a. htm

MEIOSIS 4 cells • Makes ____ genetically different from parent cell & from each other 1 n cells • Makes __________ Gametes (sperm & eggs) • Used for ______ sexual reproduction http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/lmexer 2 a. htm

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT from MITOSIS ? 1. SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I) 2. SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I) 3. Skips INTERPHASE II (NO S phase) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT… ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 1. Homologous chromosomes pair up during ________ PROPHASE I SYNAPSIS = _______ This group of FOUR chromatids is called a TETRAD _________ Images modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover. gif

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 1. Exchange of DNA between OVER homologous pairs = CROSSING _______ during PROPHASE I Allows shuffling of genetic material http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover. gif

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Image modified by Riedell • SAME SIZE • SAME SHAPE • CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS IDENTICAL • BUT NOT _______! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

Image modified by Riedell CROSSING OVER rearranging of DNA • Allows for_________ in different combinations • After crossing over, chromatid arms NOT IDENTICAL anymore are________ http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 2. Separation during ANAPHASE I SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Separates gene choices and allows shuffling of genetic material

SEGREGATION (Anaphase I)

SEGREGATION & CROSSING OVER together make even more combinations See an animation http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/lmexer 2 a. htm

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT http: //fig. cox. miami. edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c 13 x 9 independent-assortment. jpg

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT at ANAPHASE I Lots of different combinations are possible! This is why you don’t look exactly like your brothers and sisters even though you share the same parents!

http: //www. tokyo-med. ac. jp/genet/anm/mimov. gi

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? Crossing over Segregation Independent assortment are ALL ways MEIOSIS results in =_______________ GENETIC RECOMBINATION different So daughter cells are _______ from parents and from each other

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (No S phase) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT … ONLY COPIES ITS DNA ONCE MITOSIS: G 1 S G 2 P MEIOSIS: G 1 S M G 2 P M P M A T C (I) C ( II ) A T

Figure 11 -15 Meiosis Section 11 -4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

Figure 11 -15 Meiosis Section 11 -4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

Figure 11 -15 Meiosis Section 11 -4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

Figure 11 -15 Meiosis Section 11 -4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

Figure 11 -15 Meiosis Section 11 -4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

Figure 11 -17 Meiosis II Section 11 -4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Go to Section: Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Figure 11 -17 Meiosis II Section 11 -4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Go to Section: Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Figure 11 -17 Meiosis II Section 11 -4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Go to Section: Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Figure 11 -17 Meiosis II Section 11 -4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Go to Section: Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Figure 11 -17 Meiosis II Section 11 -4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Go to Section: Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE I http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html • DNA is spread out as chromatin • Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible • DNA is copied during S phase • Makes stuff new cell needs in G 2 SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE I http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/spindle fibers appear Homologous pairs match up

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html • Chromosomes line up in middle METAPHASE I Chromosomes line up in middle with homologous partner

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE I http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html APART: Chromatids split APART: Chromatids stay together Homologous pairs split

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE I http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html See TWO nuclei Nuclear membrane/ SAME AS MITOSIS nucleolus return DNA spreads out as chromatin Spindle/centrioles disappear

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS I http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html • DNA is spread out as chromatin SKIP • Nuclear membrane/ INTERPHASE II nucleolus visible • DNA is copied during S phase DNA NOT COPIED

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html • DNA scrunches into chromosomes • Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear • Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html • Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html Chromatids split and move apart SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html Two nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus returns Centrioles/spindle fibers disappear DNA spreads out as chromatin SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS II http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html Cytoplasm splits http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html SAME AS MITOSIS

Ways Meiosis is different? • Homologous pairs match up & trade DNA (SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER) in PROPHASE I • SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT in Anaphase I create genetic recombination • Skipping INTERPHASE II(Dividing TWICE but copying DNA once) produces 1 n cells

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9 -12. L. 1. 1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Cell life cycles Examples: somatic cells (mitosis), germ cells (meiosis) Storage and transfer of genetic information

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 2. Students are able to describe how genetic recombination, mutations, and natural selection lead to adaptations, evolution, extinction, or the emergence of new species.

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict the outcome of changes in the cell cycle; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe the relationship between structure and function compare and contrast the cell cycles in somatic and germ cells; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level recognize that different structures perform different functions describe the life cycle of somatic cells; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 1 A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance relate crossing over to genetic variation.