Megan Sparks Bevon Flansburg Steph Hyde Annie Brandjord
Megan Sparks Bevon Flansburg Steph Hyde Annie Brandjord Cristen Mc. Lean
O H H H O C C H I’m cute! H H C H (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Ethanol-3 D-vd. W. png)
E 10: 10% ethanol 90% gasoline. E 85: 85% ethanol 15% gasoline. E 85 can be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). (http: //www. ethanol. org)
“Ethanol” generally means grain alcohol. Sources: corn (primary source in U. S. ) other grains potatoes sugarcane (e. g. Brazil) (http: //www. ethanol. org)
Cellulosic ethanol is made from cellulose (surprise!) Cellulose provides structure to plants. Sources: corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, paper pulp, and switchgrass. (Brekke 2005) (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Cellulose-3 D-balls. png)
1) Milling (grind it up!) 2) Liquification (mixed with H 2 O and heated) 3) Saccharification (starch fermentable sugars) 4) Fermentation (yeast + sugars = ethanol + CO 2) 5) Distillation (ethanol is separated from the solids) 6) Dehydration (remove last bit of H 2 O) 7) Denaturing (made unfit for human consumption) 8) Co-products (distiller’s grain CO 2 livestock feed compressed) (http: //www. ethanol. org)
1) Treat with heat and acid to break it apart 2) Treat with enzymes to turn the sugars into fermentable glucose 3) Enzymes now 10 -18 cents / gallon in laboratory trials. Bacteria…? Lonnie Ingram (University of Florida) E. coli + cellulose ethanol 90 – 95 % efficiency (Brekke 2005) www. fuga. ru/tok/2003/11/e-coli-small. jpg
Yields 25 % more energy than is used to grow, harvest and distill it into ethanol. Energy output: input ratio = 1. 6 (http: //www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/altfuel/eth_energy_bal. html)
Gasoline E 85 Ethanol Octane Number 86 to 94 100 Main Fuel Source Crude Oil Energy Content / Gallon 109, 000 - 125, 000 Btu Corn, Grains, or agricultural waste ~ 80, 000 Btu Energy Ratio Compared to Gasoline Physical State 70% Liquid (http: //www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/progs/fuel_compare. cgi)
Emissions and Air Quality • Ethanol contains 35% oxygen. Adding oxygen to fuel results in more complete fuel combustion • Gasoline containing a 10% ethanol blend reduces smog emissions – carbon monoxide 25 -30% – particulate matter 50% – volatile organic compounds 7%. http: //www. greenfuels. org/ethanol/envbenefits. htm
Emissions from Ethanol Plants Most ethanol plants emit < 100 tons of pollutants as compared to >20, 000 tons produced by an averagesized power plant each year http: //www. ethanol. org/talkingpoints. html
‘Recycling’ CO 2 • -CO 2 co-product is compressed and sold to carbonate beverages, manufacture dry ice, and flash freeze meat. • Miscible CO 2 flooding. http: //www. ethanolrfa. org/resource/facts/environment/; http: //www. ethanol. org/carbondioxide. html
Feasibility • Since 1999, an increasing number of FFVs manufactured. • Increasing economic feasibility. http: //www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol. html
Benefits: Internal Economic • USDA estimates 2012 corn demand= 2 billion Bushels • Plant construction creates 370 local jobs ($60 -130 M income) • Plant operation creates 4, 000 local jobs ($47 -100 M income)
Benefits: More Internal • Necessary to continue to meet rising EPA standards • 95% of gas already has 6% ethanol
Benefits: External Economic • Self-sufficiency! • Potential 1/3 reduction of foreign oil dependence • W/o E 10, immediate 3% need increase
So, Who’s Buying It? • 2003 - Global Summit including representatives from China, India, Thailand, and Brazil • “In poor countries, production of ethanol and biodiesel can have an extremely positive impact. It assists in dealing with the energy deficit, influencing internal consumption and exports. It can also generate a vast number of jobs. ” - President da Silva, Brazil
E 3 Biofuels (Mead, NE) • • Grow Corn Produce Ethanol Feed Cattle Harvest the manure • Produce methane • Methane fuels boilers • Remains-Fertlize soil
Domestic Production • American Made Fuel 2006 – 105 plants in operation 1/2 locally owned=5 billion gal/year 48 New or Improved on line=7. 9 billion gal/year http: //www. usatoday. com/news/nation/2006 -10 -01 -ethanol_x. htm
Annual Projections for Cellulosic Ethanol 50 billion gallons Waste (Agricultural, Industrial, MSW) 40%-50% USDA&E Estimate 80 billion gal. potential 1/3 transportation energy By 2050 Switchgrass on 114 million acres 165 billion gal. ethanol=108 billion gal. gasoline http: //www. nrdc. org/air/energy/biofuels/contents. asp, www. energy. ca. gov/reports http: //www. harvestcleanenergy. org
Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) Growing Energy Improve conversion efficiencies 50 to 117 gal. ethanol / 1 dry ton of biomass Produce animal proteins from switchgrass (capable of producing I billion tons of sustainable biomass/year) http: //www. nrdc. org/air/energy/biofuels/contents. asp, http: //www. harvestcleanenergy. org http: //www. ethanolrfa. org/resource/cellulose
Goals and Future Usage …Yes, they really are out there.
Implementation of Waste Processing • Industrial waste/municipal solid waste as definite source of energy. – Dartmouth project (paper sludge to ethanol). – Masada Oxynol, Middletown, NY (MSW to ethanol). • Reduces or eliminates capacity problems at wastewater plants and the need for landfills.
Landfill Use • 1990: 247 million tons of non-hazardous waste. • 2001: 409 million tons. • Use of MSW opens new framework of raw materials, minimizes land charted for feedstock cultivation. http: //www. zerowasteamerica. org/La ndfills. htm
Current proposals • Natural Resource Defense Council: – Invest in research, development, general demonstration ($1. 1 billion). – Invest in deployment ($1 billion 2006 -2015; prices to approach diesel/regular gasoline). – Adopt policies to establish infrastructure and a market (RF standards, FFV req’s) http: //www. nrdc. org/air/energy/pump /contents. asp
Incentives/Laws • State and federallevel tax/loan benefits to encourage the use of alternative fuels. • Mandates require purchase of AFVs whenever economically or logistically possible. www. irs. gov/publications/p 378/ar 01. html. Table: http: //www. nrdc. org/air/energy/rep/chap 1. asp
- Slides: 26