Medieval Christian Europe 330 1450 Lesson 2 Feudalism

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy Learning Objectives • Describe the development of the political and social system of feudalism. • Summarize the life of knights and nobles. • Analyze how the economic system of manorialism worked and how it affected peasants and nobles. Flipped Video - Feudalism

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy Key Terms • • • Feudalism vassals, feudal contract. fief knight, tournaments, chivalry. manor, manor system, serfs,

Fall of the Roman Empire • Height of the Roman Empire was in 117 AD • Financial debt created problems • Invaders from outside Roman Empire territory • Total area controlled became too vast

Fall of the Roman Empire The Height of the Roman Empire was in 117 AD

Feudalism Develops In the face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars, kings and emperors were too weak to maintain law and order. People needed protection for themselves, their homes, and their lands. In response to this basic need for protection, a decentralized political and economic structure evolved, known as feudalism. Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, these lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

Feudalism Develops • King – owns all of the land • Nobles – “landlords” appointed to control and maintain land • Knights – Protect Kings/Nobles/Peasants • Peasants – 90% of the population, farmers

Feudalism Develops Mutual Obligations - Lords & Vassals - Benefits all parties involved - “You scratch my back, I scratch your back” Monarch Lord / Duke / Count Vassal

Feudalism Develops Feudalism was based on mutual loyalty and obligations. Analyze Information What were some of feudalism’s advantages and disadvantages for medieval knights and peasants?

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare During the Middle Ages, warfare was constant. For medieval lords and vassals, it was a way of life. Rival lords battled constantly for power. Both greater and lesser nobles trained from boyhood for a future occupation as a knight, or mounted warrior.

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare The Life of a Knight - Picked by the age of 7 to go and begin training - As warfare decreased, tournaments increased Castles and War - Castles developed out of necessity of constant warfare - Protection of home turned into large stone structures - Wars centered on seizing castles, placed around key locations (river crossings, harbors, mountain passes)

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare The Code of Chivalry Personal - Warfare Brave - Fight fairly Loyal - Allow Knights to True to their word put on armor Protect the weak - Release a captured Protect Peasants knight if ransom Protect was paid Noblewomen Give a modern day example of what chivalry would look like?

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare “Most Holy Lord, Almighty Father … thou who hast permitted on earth the use of the sword to repress the malice [evil] of the wicked and defend justice … cause thy servant here before thee, by disposing [turning] his heart to goodness, never to use this sword or another to injure anyone unjustly; but let him use it always to defend the just and right. ”

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare The Frankish knight Godfrey of Bouillon helped lead the First Crusade. He refused the title of king of Jerusalem but accepted the crown. Songs described him as a “perfect Christian knight. ”

Nobles, Knights, and Warfare Castle warfare in the Middle Ages was brutal. As shown in this illustration, battering rams, catapults, and fighters on ladders assaulted stone walls. Defenders shot arrows and poured hot oil on attackers.

Manorialism The heart of the medieval economy was the manor, or lord's estate. Most manors included one or more villages and the surrounding lands. Peasants, who made up the majority of the population in medieval society, lived and worked on the manor.

Manorialism An Economic System - Lord’s land was called “The Manor” - Lord had legal and economic power over his Manor - Peasants worked on his Manor, not slaves but bound to land The Mutual Obligations of Lords and Peasants - Peasants took care of the Manor - Paid fees (fees were grain, honey, eggs, or chickens) - Peasants were provided land to farm and protection provided by Lord

Manorialism This diagram of the lands of a manor during Middle Ages shows where the lord's family and peasants' families live. Contrast How does this compare with the bird's-eye view shown later in the lesson?

Manorialism A Self-Sufficient World - Manor provided everything that peasants would need - Little to no travel and little understanding of a “greater” world - ***Created a very isolated Europe*** The Life of a Peasant - Harsh working conditions with poor diet - Working during Spring/Summer - Hunger during Winter when harvest dwindled - Average life expectancy was 35

Manorialism A bird’s-eye view of a typical medieval manor, which might include a manor house, a village church, a grain mill, storage barns, a blacksmith's shop, clustered peasant huts, and fields for crops and grazing.

Quiz: Feudalism Develops How did a lord MOST benefit from granting a fief to his vassal? A. B. C. D. He received loyalty and military service. He collected fees from tournaments. He provided protection and money. He encouraged better farming methods.

Quiz: Nobles, Knights, and Warfare Which positive effect might the rules of chivalry have had on feudal society? A. B. C. D. established the right of women to fight in wars required fair treatment of captured commoners softened the daily brutality of a warlike society promoted equal treatment of lords and vassals

Quiz: Manorialism How did the manor system serve the needs of the early Middle Ages? A. It ensured the humane treatment of peasants and curbed the excesses of their lords. B. It supported the spread of peasant trade and the increased wealth of their lords. C. It encouraged peasants to become independent and their lords to give up some of their rights. D. It provided safety and security for peasants and wealth and prestige for their lords.

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 3 The Medieval Christian Church

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 3 The Medieval Christian Church Learning Objectives • Explain how the Christian Church shaped medieval life. • Analyze how the power of the Church grew during the Middle Ages and how reformers worked for change in the Church. • Analyze how Christianity in the Byzantine empire differed from Christianity in the West.

The Church Shapes Everyday Life Religion was woven into the fabric of the medieval world. Indeed, the Middle Ages has often been called Europe's 'age of faith. ' The commanding force behind that faith was the Christian Church. Flipped Video

The Church Shapes Everyday Life The Spread of Christianity - Constantine I of Rome 319 AD was first emperor to legalize all religions (including Christianity) - Missionaries were sent all over Europe to spread Christianity - Similar religious beliefs in Europe started to unify the diverse groups of people The Village Church - Daily life was determined by rituals and faith - Church was the only contact to the bigger world - Social and religious center of the town

The Church Shapes Everyday Life Analyze Maps Name three areas of Europe that became Christian between 476 and 1050. Interactive Chart

The Church Shapes Everyday Life Analyze Charts How did the sacraments affect daily life in medieval Europe?

The Growth of Church Power During the Middle Ages, the Church became the most powerful institution in Western Europe. The Church not only controlled the spiritual life of Christians but also exercised enormous influence over secular, or nonreligious, affairs.

The Growth of Church Power A Spiritual and Worldly Empire - Papal Supremacy – authority over all secular rulers (why is this important? ) - Pope controlled clergy, who were very close to secular lords. Lords/Nobles on the same level Church Law and Authority - Controlled sacraments, people needed sacraments to get into heaven - Developed Canon Law and had its own courts - Could lead to excommunication (why is this important? ) Would this power - Towns could be sentenced to interdict escalate or stop Feudal Wars?

The Growth of Church Power This illustration of Pope Sylvester II, who reigned from 999 to 1003, shows the power and pomp of medieval European popes.

The Church Faces Calls to Reform The very success of the medieval Church brought problems. As its wealth and power grew, discipline weakened. Powerful clergy grew more worldly, and many lived in luxury. Monks and nuns often ignored their vows. Priests, who were allowed to marry during this time, sometimes devoted more time to the interests of their families than to Church duties. The growing corruption and decay led to calls for reform.

The Church Faces Calls to Reform Analyze Charts Which criticism do you think common people felt most strongly? Why?

The Christian Church Is Divided During the Middle Ages, a growing divide split Christendom, as the Christian world was sometimes called. The divide opened up differences between Byzantine Christians in the east and Roman Catholics in lands to the west.

The Christian Church Is Divided Differences East and West - East argued against Papal Supremacy - West Priests not allowed to marry, East could - West used Latin, East used Greek language - West focused on Christmas as the most important holiday, East focused on Easter as the most important holiday - Dispute over Icons and the legality The Great Schism - 1054 Permanent split between East and West - East was Greek Orthodox, headed by Patriarchs - West Was Roman Catholic, headed by Pope - Both Patriarchs and Pope excommunicated each other after Great Schism

The Christian Church Is Divided Analyze Charts Which church branch used icons? Which professed papal supremacy?

The Christian Church Is Divided Analyze Maps What part of Europe was influenced by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches?

Quiz: The Church Shapes Everyday Life Which of the following contributed to unifying the diverse peoples across Europe? A. B. C. D. Payment of tithes Use of Latin, which everyone understood A shared religious calendar Pilgrimages and holy relics

Quiz: The Growth of Church Power How did the Church gain secular power? A. Monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. B. Canon law established secular courts under the control of the Church. C. The Church issued interdicts, laws passed by the Church regardless of secular law. D. The Church's power to deny the sacraments gave the Church power over Christians.

Quiz: The Church Faces Calls to Reform Why did people call for reform in the Church? A. They rejected the idea of papal supremacy. B. They wanted to stop abuses of power and corruption within the Church. C. They wanted to worship and celebrate their faith with holy icons. D. They no longer supported the ideas of excommunication and purgatory.

Quiz: The Christian Church Is Divided What actions did the patriarch and the pope take following the Great Schism? A. The patriarch banned the use of icons and changed the Nicene Creed. B. The patriarch rejected papal supremacy and banned the use of icons. C. The pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other. D. The pope banned the use of icons and excommunicated the patriarch.

Quiz: The Crusades Which of the following most likely contributed to the lack of success for Christian Europeans in the Crusades? A. Fighting far from home presented many obstacles. B. The pope was an inexperienced military leader. C. They refused to negotiate with their Muslim enemies. D. Their morale was low because of their religious zeal.

Quiz: The Effects of the Crusades What was one of the ways the Crusades helped contribute to the end of medieval Europe? A. Religious tolerance increased. B. Monarchs lost power and authority. C. The Holy Land was secured for Christian pilgrimage. D. Western Europeans developed an expanded view of the world.

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 7 The Late Middle Ages: A Time of Upheaval

Medieval Christian Europe (330– 1450) Lesson 7 The Late Middle Ages: A Time of Upheaval Learning Objectives • Understand how the Black Death caused social and economic decline. • Describe the problems facing the Church in the late Middle Ages and how the Church reacted. • Summarize the causes, turning points, and effects of the Hundred Years' War.

The Black Death Spreads Across Europe To Europeans in the mid-1300 s, the end of the world seemed to have come. First, widespread crop failures brought famine and starvation. Then plague and war ravaged populations. Europe eventually recovered from these disasters. Still, the upheavals of the 1300 s and 1400 s marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern age. Flipped Video

The Black Death Spreads Across Europe A Global Epidemic - Arrived from Asia through traders - No way to stop the disease - People tried all sorts of things (witchcraft, repentance, blaming others, fleeing their homes) Economic Impact More deaths less workers demand for more pay increase in prices - Led to negotiations between Nobles & Peasants - Started riots throughout Europe - Changed economic landscape forever (why? )

The Black Death Spreads Across Europe The Black Death spread so quickly and was so deadly that entire villages were wiped out. Analyze Maps Where did the plague originate, and why do you think the plague reached certain areas more quickly than others?

The Black Death Spreads Across Europe This medieval illustration shows a man dying of the plague. Boils erupting all over the body was a sign that the plague would likely claim more victims because the disease spread through contact.

Crisis in the Church The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church. Many priests and monks died during the plague. Their replacements faced challenging questions. Survivors asked, “Why did God spare some and kill others? ”

Crisis in the Church Divisions in the Church - Second Great Schism - From 1378 to 1417 regional authorities elected new popes, dividing church power even more New Heresies Threaten the Church - John Wycliffe, Oxford Professor, attacked a corrupt church - Argument : Bible not the church was the authority. Needed to translate into native languages - Challenged authority of the church

Crisis in the Church Pope Clement V receives a noblewoman at the papal court in Avignon. Papal wealth would bring later trouble to the Church.

The Hundred Years’ War On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a long, destructive war. Between 1337 and 1453, England France engaged in a series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War. The fighting devastated France and drained England.

The Hundred Years’ War The English and French battled for control of France. Analyze Maps What regions of France did England gain between 1337 and 1429?

The Hundred Years’ War Rival Powers: England France - England claimed territorial rights over France - Once war erupted in 1337, economic rivalry and national pride made it difficult to stop Early Victories for England & Joan of Arc - English armies were victorious early in the war due to new technology – The Longbow - 1429, 17 year old Joan of Arc guided Charles VII of France - Turned the tide of the war until her capture - To discredit Joan, the English tried her and found her guilty of being a witch

The Hundred Years’ War During the Hundred Years' War, weapons technology and mastery greatly influenced the outcome of specific battles. Analyze Charts Why might the longbow have been a more valuable weapon in war?

The Hundred Years’ War Results of the Long War France England Ø Took back territory that is present day France Ø Growing sense of Nationalism Ø Great power for French King v Lost territory in mainland Europe v Huge debt to Parliament v New focus on trading ventures / overseas expansion

The Hundred Years’ War Changes and Recovery - Rise in the importance of the common soldier (no longer needed Knights) - Castles were outdated - Necessary for larger armies - Growth in manufacturing and trade - Focus on trade and currency (led to banks)

Quiz: The Black Death Spreads Across Europe What was one of the economic impacts of the Black Death? A. B. C. D. increase in prices overproduction of goods higher numbers of fields converted to farming decreased wages

Quiz: Crisis in the Church How did the second Great Schism help lead to the end of medieval Europe? A. It led reformers such as Hus and Wycliffe to leave the Church. B. It created fertile ground for the Black Death to spread. C. It caused people to question the authority of the Church. D. It provided a reason for the Church to translate the Bible into many languages.

Quiz: The Hundred Years’ War Which statement best summarizes an important cause of the Hundred Years' War? A. The desire of monarchs for larger armies and better technology led England France to war. B. Economic rivalry led England France to war. C. The desire of England to punish Joan of Arc led England to invade France. D. The need of the French Parliament for more revenue led French generals to attack England.