Medieval Art Desis mosaic detail with Christ Hagia

Medieval Art Deësis mosaic (detail with Christ), Hagia Sophia

Introduction to the Middle Ages • The dark ages? – Petrach (14 th c. ) • Not so dark after all – Christianity – New views of life and the world – Rejection of the traditions and learning of the ancient world – Visual arts prospered (mostly religious but also secular) • Byzantium – Iconoclastic Controversy Roman de la Rose, M. 948, fol. 12 r, 16 th century (Morgan Library and Museum, New York)

Standard scenes from the life of Christ in art • • • • • The Annunciation The Visitation The Nativity Adoration of the Magi The Presentation The Temptation The Raising of Lazarus Entry into Jerusalem The Last Supper Agony in the Garden Kiss of Judas Christ before Pilate The Crucifixion Descent from the Cross (The Deposition) The Marys at the Tomb The Resurrection Noli me Tangere The Ascension/Pentecost Last Judgment Fra Angelico, The Annunciation, c. 1438 -47, fresco, 230 x 321 cm (Convent of San Marco, Florence)

A New Pictorial Language: The Image in Early Medieval Art • An illusion of reality • The problem for early Christians • Tertullian asks: Can artists be Christians? • Augustine: Illusionary images are lies • Towards abstraction (and away from illusion) Mosaic in the apse of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, 6 th century (Ravenna, Italy)

Early Christian: Catacomb of Priscilla • Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, late 2 nd century through the 4 th century C. E. • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edieval-world/earlychristian 1/v/catacombpriscilla

Early Christian: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, marble, 359 C. E. (Treasury of Saint Peter's Basilica) • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edieval-world/earlychristian 1/v/sarcophag us-of-junius-bassusmarble-359 -c-e

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Quiz This sarcophagus reflects elements of classicism and elements of Early Christian art. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Quiz In the Traditio Lex scene, Christ has an abstracted Early Christian face. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Quiz In the scene of Adam and Eve, the contrapposto is borrowed from the classical tradition, but the oversized heads are indicative of the early Christian style that was just then developing. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Quiz The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus shows Early Christian artists inventing a new iconography, or visual language, for Christianity and its ideas. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Quiz Indicate if the detail derives from Classical tradition or if it emerged in the Early Christian period. • Abraham's robes in the scene on the far left in the top register • Christ's pose in central scene in the top register • The figure beneath Christ's feet in the central scene on the top register • The oversized heads of Adam and Eve • Christ's pose in the central scene in the lower register • The architectural details framing each scene

Byzantine (Late Roman Empire): Hagia Sophia • Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532 -37 (Architects: Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles) • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edievalworld/byzantine 1/const antinople-east/v/hagiasophia-istanbul Isidore of Miletus & Anthemius of Tralles for Emperor Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532 -37,

Ancient and Byzantine Mosaic Materials • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/art -history-basics/artistsmaterialstechniques/ceramicsglass/v/ancient-andbyzantine-mosaicmaterials

Hagia Sophia: Theotokos Mosaic • Theotokos mosaic, 867, apse, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edievalworld/byzantine 1/const antinople-east/v/hagiasophia-apse

Hagia Sophia: Deësis Mosaic • Deësis (Christ with the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist), c. 1261, mosaic, imperial enclosure, south gallery, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul • https: //www. khanacadem y. org/humanities/medieval world/byzantine 1/constan tinople-east/v/deesismosaic

Hagia Sophia Quiz The dome is the crowning achievement of Hagia Sophia, and in its ambitious scale, it recalls the engineering brilliance of the. . . A. Pantheon in Rome B. Temple of Mercury in Baiae C. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem D. Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae

Hagia Sophia Quiz Hagia Sophia became a symbol of the strength of Constantine the Great. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Hagia Sophia Quiz Procopius, the biographer of the Emperor Justinian, described the dome of Hagia Sophia as looking as though it was. . . A. "made of rainbows. " B. "larger than the Pantheon. " C. "suspended from heaven. " D. "made by giants. "

Hagia Sophia Quiz Which of the following does not apply to the Hagia Sophia? A. The building's most significant feature is its dome. B. It is one of the great technological achievements of the Byzantine Empire. C. It was commissioned by the Emperor Justinian D. It follows a traditional basilica design.

Hagia Sophia as a Mosque • Hagia Sophia after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453 • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/art -history/medievalworld/byzantine 1/const antinople-east/v/hagiasophia-mosque

Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy • Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (Byzantine), c. 1400, tempera and gold on wood, 39 cm x 31 cm (British Museum, London) • https: //www. khanacade my. org/humanities/arthistory/medievalworld/byzantine 1/consta ntinople-east/v/icon-ofthe-triumph-of-orthodoxy -byzantine-c-1400

Byzantine Art Quiz A gold background in Byzantine art represents the earthly realm. A. True B. False

Byzantine Art Quiz A gold halo signals that a figure is holy or sacred. A. True B. False

Byzantine Art Quiz Iconoclasm” refers to the destruction of images or hostility toward visual representations in general. More specifically, the word is used for the Iconoclastic Controversy that shook the Byzantine Empire for more than 100 years. This happened because… A. The Emperor Justinian didn’t want images in Hagia Sophia. B. Christian images could be perceived as idols and in direct opposition to the Old Testament prohibition of visual representations. C. Hagia Sophia eventually became a mosque and images aren’t permitted in Islamic art. D. None of the above.

Anglo-Saxon England: Sutton Hoo Ship Burial • Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, c. 700 (British Museum, London) Multiple bronze, gold and silver objects of Anglo Saxon origin, found in Suffolk, England, including: a helmet, sceptre, sword, hanging bowl, bowls and spoons, shoulder clasps, a belt buckle, and purse lid. • https: //www. khanacademy. or g/humanities/medievalworld/latin-westerneurope/earlymedieval/v/sutton-hoo-shipburial-c-700

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz This ship burial was found on a farm in A. England B. Ireland C. Scotland D. Wales and was filled with A. Gems B. Manuscripts C. Treasures

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz Many of the objects in the burial are associated with cooking and eating, such as pots and drinking vessels. A. TRUE B. FALSE

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz The objects from the ship burial reflect a time of. . . Select all that apply. A. natural disasters. B. political unrest. C. political stability. D. Christianization.

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz What characteristics of the early medieval period are suggested by the purse cover from Sutton Hoo? Select all that apply. A. Individuals used luxury objects as status symbols. B. Animal forms provided decorative effect and symbolic value. C. Prohibitions existed to restrict the use of religious imagery. D. Skilled craftsman produced intricately designed decorative arts. E. Economic and cultural exchange occurred throughout Western Europe.

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz Compare these objects from the burial at Sutton Hoo. What attributes of early medieval art in Western Europe do they share? A. The symbolic reference to strength and valor in battle. B. The emphasis on patterns and intricate linear detail. C. The use of art objects for personal adornment. D. The use of stylized animal forms. E. The combination of precious materials for decorative effect. Purse Cover from Sutton Hoo Reconstructed Helmet from Sutton Hoo

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Quiz So many objects, including the body of the deceased man, have rotted over time. The only things that survived were made of • Fur • Metal • Wood

Carolingian: Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels • Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso of the Ebbo Gospels (Gospel Book of the Archbishop of Reims) from Hautvillers, France, c. 81635, ink and tempera on vellum, 10 1/4 x 8 1/4 (Bibliothèque Municipale, Épernay) • https: //www. khanacadem y. org/humanities/medieva l-world/latin-westerneurope/carolingian 1/v/sai nt-matthew-from-theebbo-gospel

Carolingian Empire: Lindau Gospels Cover • Jeweled upper cover of the Lindau Gospels, c. 880, Court School of Charles the Bald, 350 x 275 mm, cover may have been made in the Royal Abbey of St. Denis (Morgan Library and Museum, New York) • https: //www. khanacadem y. org/humanities/medieval -world/latin-westerneurope/carolingian 1/v/lind au-gospels-cover

Ottonian Period: Bernward Doors • Bronze doors, 1015, commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Michael's, Hildesheim (Germany). • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edieval-world/latinwesterneurope/ottonian 1/v/sai nt-michaels-hildesheim

Making Manuscripts • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edieval-world/medieval -book/making-medieval -book/v/makingmanuscripts

Listening to the Medieval Book • https: //www. khan academy. org/hum anities/medievalworld/medievalbook/makingmedievalbook/v/listeningto-the-medievalbook

An Introduction to Medieval Scripts • https: //www. khanaca demy. org/humanities/ medievalworld/medievalbook/makingmedieval-book/v/anintroduction-tomedieval-scripts

A Medieval Textbook • Boethius, De institutione arithmetica, c. 1100 (National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague, MS 78 E 59) • https: //www. khanacade my. org/humanities/medi eval-world/medievalbook/making-medievalbook/v/medievaltextbook

Book of Kells • The Book of Kells contains the four Gospels in Latin based on the Vulgate text which St Jerome completed in 384 A. D. , intermixed with readings from the earlier Old Latin translation. • c. 800 at Ionia and Kells (? ) • Written on vellum (prepared calfskin) in a bold and expert version of the script known as "insular majuscule". • 3 artists, 4 scribes • Now at Trinity College Library in Dublin The Chi Rho page (folio 34 R) of the Book of Kells. The page precedes the nativity story as related by St Matthew. The letters Chi, Rho and I are an abbreviation of "Christ".

Romanesque Art: The Bayeux Tapestry • Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070, embroidered wool on linen, 20 inches high (Bayeux Museum) • https: //www. khanacademy. org/humanities/medievalworld/latin-westerneurope/romanesque 1/v/ba yeux-tapestry • https: //www. khanacademy. org/humanities/medievalworld/latin-westerneurope/romanesque 1/v/the -animated-bayeux-tapestry

Romanesque Art: Last Judgment Tympanum • Last Judgment Tympanum, Central Portal on West facade of the Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun, c. 1130 -46. • https: //www. khanacade my. org/humanities/medi eval-world/latin-westerneurope/romanesque 1/v/t ympanum-of-the-lastjudgment-autun

Gothic Architecture: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres c. 1145 and 1194 - c. 1220

Gothic Architecture: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres c. 1145 and 1194 - c. 1220

Gothic Art: St. Francis Altarpiece • Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis Altarpiece, 1235 (Church of San Francesco, Pescia, Italy). • https: //www. khanacade my. org/humanities/medi eval-world/latin-westerneurope/gothic 1/v/bonave ntura-berlinghierialtarpiece-of-st-francis-c 1235

Gothic Art: Röttgen Pietà • Röttgen Pietà, c. 130025, painted wood, 34 1/2 inches high (Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn). • https: //www. khanacad emy. org/humanities/m edieval-world/latinwesterneurope/gothic 1/v/roett gen-pieta

Gold-Ground Panel Painting • Wood panel was the support most often used for painting before canvas replaced it at the end of the 1500 s. • Artists applied gold ground and expensive pigments to the most splendid panel paintings. • https: //www. khanacademy. or g/humanities/art-historybasics/artists-materialstechniques/painting-materialstechniques/v/gold-groundpanel-painting