Medicine Through Time Revision Booklet Change things are

Medicine Through Time Revision Booklet Change = things are different Continuity = things have stayed the same Institution: The Church Education Institution: Government Individuals Attitudes in society Science and Technology Communications

Beliefs about the causes of disease Medieval (c 1250 -1500) Renaissance (c 1500 -1700 ) Industrial Revolution (c 1700 -1900) Modern Medicine (c 1900 -now) • Disease was a punishment from God • Alignment of the planets and the stars affected disease (astrology) • Theory of the Four Humours used to explain disease • Miasma (bad smells) caused disease • Ordinary people still believed in the Four Humours and miasma (bad smells) still believed to cause disease • More understanding of the human body by scientists (e. g. discovering the circulation of blood and investigating the anatomy) • Little to no belief in religious or astrological explanations of disease • Louis Pasteur published ‘Germ Theory’ that linked microbes (bacteria) to decay • Robert Koch started to identify specific microbes that caused specific diseases (e. g. cholera) • Widespread support for Germ theory • Only causes of disease that could be proved scientifically were believed • Understanding of Genetics and DNA causing disease • Direct links made between lifestyle and a person’s health (e. g. diet and smoking) Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Approaches to Prevention of Disease Medieval (c 1250 -1500) Renaissance (c 1500 -1700 ) Industrial Revolution (c 1700 -1900) Modern Medicine (c 1900 -now) • Living a sin-free life was the best way to prevent disease • Having a healthy diet helped ‘balance the humours’ and prevent disease • Keeping clean and having good personal hygiene prevented disease through exposure to bad smells • Purifying the air • People still believed that living a sin-free life would prevent disease • Cleanliness was still important, but bathing became less fashionable • More steps were taken to remove bad smells from the air (e. g. removing sewage and picking up rubbish) • Vaccinations were developed to effectively prevent certain diseases (e. g. smallpox) • Government passed laws (Public Health Acts) to improve living conditions in Britain and prevent the spread of disease • Mass vaccinations to prevent numerous diseases (e. g. measles and tetanus) • Government passed laws to prevent illness (e. g. Clean Air Acts and banning smoking in public places) • Government created advertising campaigns to promote healthier lifestyles Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Approaches to Treatment of Disease Medieval (c 1250 -1500) Renaissance (c 1500 -1700 ) Industrial Revolution (c 1700 -1900) Modern Medicine (c 1900 -now) • Confessing your sins and asking God forgiveness would treat religious causes • To rebalance the humours methods of bleeding, purging and eating specific foods • Supernatural treatments included carrying amulets and saying spells • Surgeries performed by barbers • Still relied on remedies and cures from medieval times but some new herbal remedies were developed using ingredients from the ‘new world’ • Growth of alchemy created new chemical cures (e. g. mercury) • Surgeons and apothecaries had to have licences to practice • Physicians trained at universities • Understanding of anaesthetics and antiseptic surgery improved surgical treatment • More complex surgeries were performed as a result • Better nursing thanks to the work of Florence Nightingale • Development of ‘magic bullets’ (pills that targeted diseases directly) • Development of antibiotics to treat infection (e. g. penicillin) • Increased access to medical care through introduction of the NHS Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Caring for the Sick - Hospitals Medieval (c 1250 -1500) Renaissance (c 1500 -1700 ) Industrial Revolution (c 1700 -1900) Modern Medicine (c 1900 -now) • Did not treat the sick, mostly offered hospitality to travellers • Hospitals either ran by monks or nuns or funded by religious charities • Good places to rest and recover • Focus was on caring for the sick rather than curing diseases • No longer just places of rest • Patients went to hospitals with wounds and curable diseases (e. g. fevers and skin conditions) • Patients visited by physicians • Hospitals ran by monasteries had to close following reformation in 1533 • Donations from wealthy people created new hospitals • Doctors visited patients regularly • Massive improvements made following work of Florence Nightingale – massively improved sanitation, created designated wards and even had operating theatres • More even spread of hospitals in 1960 s as a result of the NHS • Increasingly complex treatments and surgeries performed • Patients treated effectively for a widerange of illnesses and diseases • High levels of cleanliness to prevent infection Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Case Studies Medieval (c 1250 -1500) Renaissance (c 1500 -1700 ) Industrial Revolution (c 1700 -1900) Modern Medicine (c 1900 -now) Black Death 1348 – 49 Great Plague 1665 Cholera 1854 Lung Cancer • Cause – many different beliefs (sent by God, miasma) • Treatment – asking forgiveness, bleeding and purging • Government action – laws in place to stop people moving around, stopped cleaning the streets • Cause – punishment from God, miasma, spread from person to person • Treatment –prayer, carrying herbs • Government action – public meetings banned, fires set on street corners, quarantined the sick houses • Cause – miasma, John Snow believed it was in contaminated water • Treatment – no effective treatment • Government action – new sewer system built in London, passed Public Health Act, listened to John Snow’s advice • Causes – smoking, passive smoking, genetics • Treatment – transplants, radiotherapy, chemotherapy • Government Action – legislation to prevent smoking, increased tobacco tax, advertising campaigns Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity