Medical Terminology NURS 1103 or HLSC 2613 Learning

Medical Terminology NURS 1103 or HLSC 2613

Learning Terminology 2

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LANGUAGE (ML) Dr. Mohammed Qasim Baghdad College of Medicine

Main Objective: Learn Medical Terminology v New students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation. v Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin

Medical Terminology Mispronunciations v Artery - The study of fine paintings. v Benign - What you are after you be eight. v Coma - A punctuation mark. v Morbid - A higher offer. v Urine - opposite of you’re out. v Tablet - A small table.

Course Objectives Apply basic principles of medical word building. v Correctly pronounce medical terms. v Define common medical terms. v Relate common medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic tests. v Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports. v

A Busy Course! v v Are you feeling like a lot of information is about to come your way? The answer is YES.

Now, lets begin Lecture 1 Basic Elements of Medical Word

Medical Dictionary Use Look Up Unfamiliar Terms

Building Medical Terms. Word Root Prefix Suffix Combining forms 10

Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Word root Prefix Suffix Combining forms 11

Word Roots (WR) v Usually derived form Greek or Latin v Frequently indicates a body part v Most medical terms have one or more word roots

Examples of Word Roods

Combining Forms (CF) v Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o” v Usually indicates a body part

Combining Forms Examples v Cardi/ + o = cardi/o v gastr/ + o = gastr/o v hepat/ + o = hepat/o v nephr/ + o = nephr/o v oste/ + o = oste/o heart stomach liver kidney bone

Suffixes v Word Ending v Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech v Usually derived from Greek or Latin

Examples of Suffix v Arthr/o joint v throac/o chest v gastr/o -centesis puncture -tomy incision Arthrocentesis puncture of a Thoracotomy incision of the -megaly Gastromegaly stomach enlargement of

Prefixes v Word element located at the beginning of a word v Changes the meaning of the word v Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation

Examples of Prefix v A- without mast breast v hyper- therm excessive heat v intra- in muscul muscle -ia condition -ar relating to

Basic Rule One v. A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. Scler/ + osis = sclerosis

Basic Rule Two v. A combining vowel is used to link a WR to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound word colon/o + scope = colonscope osteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritis

Defining Medical Words v First, define the suffix or ending v Second, define the prefix, or beginning v Third, define the middle

Word Roots and Combining Forms [CYT(O)] Combining Forms Meaning cyt(o) cell dextr(o) right dips(o) thirst dors(o) back erythr(o) red sensation, perception esthesio 23

Word Roots and Combining Forms Meaning galact(o) milk glucose gero old age glyco sugars gyn(o) women home(o) same kin(o) 24 movement

Combining Forms Meaning kinesi(o) motion lact(o) milk leuk(o) white lith(o) stone mio smaller; less narco sleep; numbness necro 25 death; dying

Word Roots and Combining Forms [NOCT(O)] Combining Forms Meaning noct(i) night oncho tumor path(o) disease phago eating phon(o) sound; voice pseud(o) false pyo 26 pus

Word Roots and Combining Forms [PYRO] Meaning Combining Forms pyro fever salping(o) tube schiz(o) split; division scler(o) hardening scolio crooked; bent somato body spiro breath; breathe 27

Word Roots and Combining Forms [TEL(O)] Combining Forms Meaning tel(o) distant; end; complete tono tension; pressure tropho food; nutrition xanth(o) yellow xeno stranger Xer(o) dry 28

Prefixes Prefix Word Root • Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words. • Modifies the meaning of the word or word root. • Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location. 29 Suffix

Prefixes (a–aut) Prefix Meaning a without ab away from ana up, toward ante before anti against aut(0) 30 self

Prefixes (brachy–hypo) Prefix Meaning brachy short brady slow contra against dys abnormal; difficult hemi half hyper above normal hypo 31 below normal

Prefixes (inter–peri) Meaning Prefix inter between iso equal; same mal bad; inadequate meta after micr(o) small olig(o) few; little; scanty peri around; about; near 32

Prefixes (pro–un) Meaning Prefix pro before; forward re again; backward retro behind; backward semi half supra above; over tachy fast un not 33

Suffixes Prefix Word Root Suffix • Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word. • Suffixes can also be combining forms. 34

Suffixes (ad–crine) Suffix Meaning -ad toward -algia pain -asthenia weakness -blast immature; forming -cidal destroying; killing -clast -crine breaking 35 secreting

Suffixes (crit–ectomy) Suffix Meaning -crit separate -cyte cell -cytosis condition of cells -derma skin -dynia pain -ectasis expanding; dilating -ectomy 36 removal of

Suffixes (emesis–graphy) Meaning -emesis vomiting -emia blood -esthesia sensation -globin protein -gram a recording -graph recording instrument -graphy 37 process of recording

Suffixes (ic–malacia) Suffix Meaning -ic pertaining to -ism condition; disease -itis inflammation -kinesia movement -logist one who practices -lysis destruction of -malacia softening 38

Suffixes (mania-pathy) Suffix Meaning -mania obsession -megaly enlargement -oid like; resembling -opia vision -ostomy opening -para bearing -pathy disease 39

Suffixes (penia-phrenia) Suffix Meaning -penia deficiency -pepsia digestion -pexy fixation -phage eating; devouring -phobia fear -phonia sound -phrenia 40 of the mind

Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy) Meaning -phylaxis protection -plasty surgical repair -plegia paralysis -pnea breath -ptosis falling down; drooping -rrhagia heavy discharge -rrhaphy 41 surgical suturing

Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia) Suffix Meaning -rrhexis rupture -spasm contraction -stasis stopping; constant -stenosis narrowing -tomy cutting operation -trophy nutrition -tropia 42 turning

Rules • Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s, x, z, or y (ex. joint- joints) • Add es to words ending in s, x, or z (ex. reflexes) 43

Rules Cont’d • Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices) • Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomymastectomies) 44

Rules Cont’d • When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys) • Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. laminae) 45

Rules Cont’d • Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli) • Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses) 46

Rules Cont’d • Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. criterion - criteria) • Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. diverticulum - diverticula) 47

Latin Singular Plural Greek Singular Plural • fossae • neurosis neuroses • datum data • ganglion ganglia • radix radices • calyx calyces 48