Medical Terminology Introduction Chapter 1 COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY

COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Objectives • Identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms • use knowledge of word parts to analyze unfamiliar medical terms • describe the steps in locating a term in a medical dictionary • define the commonly used word roots, combining forms, suffixes and prefixes • recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly • state why caution is important when using abbreviations COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Introduction • Word Root: the word part that usually indicates the part of the body involved. • Combining Form: a word root that has a vowel added to the end. • Suffix: the word part attached at the end of a word that usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease. • Prefix: the word part attached at the beginning of a word that usually indicates location, time, number, or status. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

o -algia pain or painful condition o dys- bad, difficult or painful o -ectomy surgical removal o hyper- excessive or increased o hypo- deficient or decreased o -itis inflammation o -osis abnormal condition or disease COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

o -ostomy the surgical creation of an artificial opening o -plasty surgical repair o -rrhage bleeding or abnormal excessive fluid discharge o -rrhaphy surgical suturing o -rrhea flow, abnormal discharge o -rrhexis rupture o -sclerosis abnormal hardening COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The four types of word parts: • Word root: contains the basic meaning of the term • Combining form: used when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added • Suffix: comes at the end of a word (usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease) • Prefix: comes at the beginning of a word (usually indicates the location, time, number, or status) COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Word Part Guidelines • A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the term • the rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix, beginning with a consonant is added to a word root COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Word parts indicating color • • • cyan/o: blue erythr/o: red leuk/o: white melan/o:

Rules for using combining forms • When to words are joined a combining vowel is always added between the two word roots • a combining vowel is used with the second word root only if the suffix begins with a consonant • a combining form is used when a suffix begins with a consonant • a combining form is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes is as noun endings • • • -a -e -um -us -y COPYRIGHT

Suffixes meaning pertaining to • • • -ac -al -an -ary -eal -ical -ic

Suffixes meaning abnormal condition • • -ago -esis -iasis -ion -ism -osis COPYRIGHT 2011

Suffixes related to pathology • • -algia = pain and suffering -dynia = pain -itis = inflammation -megaly = enlargement -malacia = abnormal softening -necrosis = tissue death -sclerosis = abnormal hardening -stenosis = abnormal narrowing COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes is related to procedures • • • -centesis = a surgical puncture to remove fluid -graphy = the process of producing a picture or record -gram = a picture or record -plasty = surgical repair -scopy = visual examination COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The "Double R" suffixes • -rrhage and -rrhagia = bleeding (usually to describe sudden severe bleeding) NOTE: --rrhage = abnormal excessive fluid loss or discharge • -rrhaphy = surgical suturing to close a wound • -rrhea = flow or discharge (usually pertaining to most body fluids) • -rrhexis = rupture COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Prefixes • Added to the beginning of a word to influence the meaning of

Prefixes describing direction, quantity, size and amount ab- away from, negative, absent ad- toward, to in the direction of dext/ro = right side sinistr/o = left side ex- out of, outside, away in- in, into, not without from macro- large, abnormal size, Micr/o, micro = tiny, small or long (microscopic) mega, megal/o- large, great pre - before COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED olig/o = scanty, few post- after, behind

Contrasting prefixes ab- away from (absent) ad- toward, in the direction of dys- bad, difficult, painful eu- good, normal, well, or easy hyper- increased, excessive inter- between or among (interstate) sub- under, less, or below hypo- decreased, deficient intra- within or inside COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED super-, supra- above or excessive

Guideline Singular Plural If the singular term ends in the suffix -a, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -ae bursa vertebra bursae vertebrae If the singular term ends in the suffix-ex or ix, the plural is usually formed by changing these endings to -ices appendix index appendices indices If the singular term ends in the suffix -is, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -es diagnosis metasis diagnoses metastases It's a singular term ends in the suffix --itis, the plural is usually formed by changing the -is ending to -ides arthritis meningitis arthritides meningitides If the singular term ends in the suffix -nx, the phalanx plural is usually formed by changing the -x meninx ending to-ges COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED phalanges meninges

Guideline Singular Plural If the singular term ends in the suffix –on, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -a criterion ganglion criteria ganglia If the singular term ends in the suffix –um, diverticulum the plural is usually formed by changing ovum the ending to - a diverticula ova If the singular term ends in the suffix –us, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -i alveoli malleoli COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED alveolus malleolus

A sign is objective evidence of disease. Objective mean the sign can be evaluated or measured by the patient and/or others COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A symptom is subjective evidence of a disease. Subjective means that it can be evaluated a measured only by the person experiencing it. A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.

A diagnosis (DX) is the identification of a disease. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A differential diagnosis (D/DX), also known as rule out (R/O) is the attempt to determine which one of several diseases could be causing the signs and symptoms that the patient is presenting with A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a prognosis is a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorderspecific disease process.

An acute condition has a rapid onset, a severe course, and a short duration COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A chronic condition is of a long-duration. These diseases and disorders and can be controlled, but are rarely cured A remission is the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms associated with a disease without having achieved a cure

A disease is a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally. Some are named for their signs and symptoms. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED An eponym is a disease, structure, operation or procedure named after the person who discovered or described it first. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term