Medical Terminology Dr Michael P Gillespie Categories of

Medical Terminology Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

Categories of Medical Terms • Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure. • Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure. – Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located.

Objectives • Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. – Do not simply memorize terms. – Break words up into their component parts. • Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. – The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in health and disease processes. • Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. – Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i. e. ilium and ileum). – Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lead to a misunderstanding (i. e. urethra and ureter).

Elements of medical terms • Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have one or more roots. • Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning. • Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning. • Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another root. • Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel.

3 General Rules • 1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across. • 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”. • 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”.

Common prefixes and suffixes • Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis) • Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis) • Ectomy = to cut out [remove] (appendectomy, tonsillectomy) • Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy) • Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy) • A / an = without / none (anemia, areflexia)

Common prefixes and suffixes • Micro = small (microscopic) • Macro = large (macroscopic) • Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly) • Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy) • Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography) • Gram = the image (mammogram) • Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology)

Word Roots for organs Root Meaning Example Stomato Mouth Stomatitis Dento Teeth Dentist Glosso / linguo Tongue Glossitis, lingual gland Gingivo Gums Gingivitis Encephalo Brain Encephalitis Gastro Stomach Gastritis Entero Intestine Gastroenteritis Colo Large intestine Colitis, megacolon

Word Roots for organs Root Meaning Example Procto Anus / rectum Proctitis, proctologist Hepato Liver Hepatitis, hepatomegaly Nephro / rene Kidney Nephrosis, renal Orchiso Testis Orchiditis Oophoro Ovary Oophorectomy Hystero / metro Uterus Hysterectomy, endometritis Salpingo Uterine tubes Hysterosalpingogram Dermo Skin Dermatitis

Word Roots for organs Root Meaning Example Masto / mammo Breast Mammography, mastectomy Osteo Bones Osteoporosis Cardio Heart Electrocardiogram Cysto Bladder Cystitis Rhino Nose Rhinitis Phlebo / veno Veins Phlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo / pulmo Lung Pneumonitis, pulmonologist Hemo / emia Blood Hematologist, anemia

Colors

Structural Organization of the Body • CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things

Study Section 1 • • metabolism anabolism catabolism cell membrane chromosomes cytoplasm DNA • endoplasmic reticulum • genes • Karyotype • mitochondria • nucleus

Body Cavities • Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

Positional and Directional Terms

Positional and Directional Terms

Chapter 5 Digestive System 21

Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion • Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth • Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. – Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. • Proteins → amino acids • Sugars → glucose • Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides

Introduction: Absorption • Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine. • Nutrients travel to all cells of the body • Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

Small Intestine Villi in the lining of the small intestine

Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Chapter 7 Urinary System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Female Urinary System

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries Arterioles carry blood to capillaries Glomeruli filter blood

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) • Glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis Illustration shows section of kidney

Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System 34

Introduction Gametes (ovum and sperm cell) ØGametes are produced in the gonads. ØFemale gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

Introduction Fertilization ØAn ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube. ØFertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum. ØFertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

Organs of the Female Reproductive System Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

Organs of the Female Reproduction System Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view

Organs of the Female Reproductive System ● The Breast sagittal view

Menstruation and Pregnancy A, Implantation in the uterus B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning • amni/o amnion • cervic/o cervix, neck • chori/o chorion • chorion/o chorion • colp/o vagina

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form culd/o episi/o galact/o gynec/o hyster/o Meaning cul-de-sac vulva milk woman, female uterus, womb

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form. Meaning • • • lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast men/o menses, menstruation metr/o uterus

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form • • • Meaning my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth obstetr/o midwife o/o egg

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning • oophor/o ovary • • ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg perine/o perineum

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning • phor/o to bear • • fallopian tubes uterus vagina vulva salping/o uter/o vagin/o vulv/o

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes SUFFIXES Suffix • -arche • -cyesis • -gravida • -parous Meaning beginning pregnancy to bear, bring forth

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes SUFFIXES Suffix • -rrhea Meaning discharge • -salpinx uterine tube • -tocia labor, birth • -version act of turning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes PREFIXES Suffix • dys • • endoinintramulti- Meaning painful within in within many

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes PREFIXES Suffix Meaning • nulli- no, not, none • pre • primi • retro- before first backward

Chapter 9 Male Reproductive System 51

Anatomy

Anatomy Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis

Terminology Combining Form Meaning andr/o male balan/o penis cry/o cold crypt/o hidden epididym/o epididymis gon/o seed hydr/o water, fluid orch/o, orchi/o, testis, testicle orchid/o

Terminology Combining Form pen/o prostat/o semin/i sperm/o terat/o test/o varic/o vas/o zo/o Meaning penis prostate gland semen, seed spermatozoa, semen monster testis, testicle varicose veins vessel duct animal life

Terminology SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning • -genesis formation • -one hormone • -pexy fixation, put in place • -stomy new opening

Pathologic Conditions

Cardiovascular System

Anatomy of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning angi/o vessel aort/o aorta arter/o artery arteri/o artery ather/o yellowish plaque atri/o atrium

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning brachi/o arm cardi/o heart cholesterol/o cholesterol coron/o heart cyan/o blue myx/o mucus

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form • • • Meaning ox/o oxygen pericardi/o pericardium phleb/o vein sphygm/o pulse steth/o chest thromb/o clot

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form • • • Meaning valvul/o valve valv/o valve vas/o vessel vascul/o vessel ven/o, ven/i vein ventricul/o ventricle

Cardiovascular System and Blood

Cell Types and Function Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red

Terminology Combining Form • • • Meaning granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form leuk/o mon/o morph/o myel/o neutr/o nucle/o Meaning white one, single shape, form bone marrow neutral nucleus

Terminology Combining Form Meaning phag/o poikil/o sider/o spher/o thromb/o eat, swallow varied, irregular iron globe, round clot

Suffixes -apheresis -blast -cyte -cytosis -emia -globin -globulin -lytic • • -oid -osis -penia -phage -philia -phoresis -poiesis -stasis

Chapter 14 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 72

Location of Lymph Nodes

Lymph Nodes

Spleen • Destroys old red blood cells • Filters microorganisms • • and other foreign material out of the blood Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

Thymus Gland • Provides immunity in • • fetal life and in early years of growth. Makes cells immunocompetent in early life Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens

Immune System Natural immunity: genetic predisposition • Phagocytosis • Macrophages • Natural killer cells

Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning immun/o protection lymph/o lymphaden/o lymph node splen/o spleen thym/o thymus gland tox/o poison

Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology PREFIXES Prefix Meaning ana- again, anew inter- between

Chapter 12 Respiratory System 80

Respiratory Anatomy Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

Anatomy of Respiration

Vocabulary adenoids alveolus (alveoli) apex of the lung base of the lung brochioles bronchus (bronchi) carbon dioxide

Vocabulary • • cilia diaphragm epiglottis expiration glottis hilum inspiration larynx

Vocabulary • • lobe mediastinum nares oxygen palatine tonsil paranasal sinus parietal pleura

Vocabulary • • pharynx pleural cavity pulmonary parenchyma respiration trachea visceral pleura

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning adenoid/o adenoids alveol/o alveolus, air sac bronch/o bronchial tube bronchi/o bronchus bronchiol/obronchiole, small bronchus capn/o carbon dioxide

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning coni/o dust cyan/o blue epiglott/o epiglottis laryng/o larynx, voice box lob/o lobe of the lung mediastin/o mediastinum

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning nas/o nose orth/o straight, upright ox/o oxygen pector/o chest pharyng/o pharynx, throat phon/o voice

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning phren/o diaphragm pleur/o pleura pneum/o air, lung pneumon/o lung pulmon/o lung rhin/o nose

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning sinus/o sinus cavity spir/o breathing tel/o complete thorac/o chest tonsill/o tonsils trache/o trachea, windpipe

SUFFIXES Suffix -ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology Meaning condition smell breathing spitting pulse pleural cavity, chest

Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System 93

Bone Formation Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone Cells: Øosteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage Øosteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone Øosteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)

Bone Structure (A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure (B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Bone Structure Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat) Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

Bone Marrow • Yellow marrow: chiefly fat • Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow • Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones

Bone Processes and Depressions Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

Bone Processes and Depressions

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae

Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning calc/o calcium calci/o calcium kyph/o posterior curvature in thoracic region lamin/o lamina lord/o curve lumb/o loins, lower back

Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS Combining Form myel/o orth/o oste/o scoli/o spondyl/o vertebr/o Meaning bone marrow straight bone crooked vertebra

Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -blast embryonic cell -clast to break -listhesis slipping -malacia softening -physis to grow -porosis pore, passage -tome instrument to cut

Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket) calcane/o calcaneus (heal) carp/o carpals (wrist bones) clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone) cost/o ribs crani/o cranium (skull)

Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning femor/o femur (thigh bones) fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone) humer/ohumerus (upper arm bone) ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone) ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone) malleol/o malleolus

Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning mandibul/omandible (lower jaw bone) maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone) metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones) metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones) olecran/o olecranon (elbow) patell/o patella (kneecap) pelv/i pelvis

Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning perone/o fibula phalang/o phalanges (finger, toe bones) pub/o pubis radi/o radius scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)

Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning stern/o sternum (breastbone) tars/o tarsals tibi/o tibia (shin bone) uln/o ulna (lower arm bone)

Joints Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones ØSuture joints: immovable (skull) ØSynovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e. g. , hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)

Synovial Joints Joint capsule surrounds bone. Ligaments band bones together. Bones are covered by articular cartilage. Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.

Bursae Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place Common sites: Øbetween tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones Øbetween ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones Øbetween skin and bones (with prominent bony

Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning ankyl/o stiff arthr/o joint articul/o joint burs/o bursa chondr/o cartilage

Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning • ligament/o ligament • rheumat/o watery flow • synov/o • tendin/o synovial membrane tendon

Terminology — Joints SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -desis to bind, tie together -stenosis narrowing

Muscles • Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac • Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes • Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) • Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart

Terminology — Muscles COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning fasci/o facia fibr/o fibrous leiomy/o smooth muscle my/o muscle

Terminology — Muscles COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning myocardi/o heart muscle myos/o muscle plant/o sole of the foot rhabdomy/o skeletal muscle connected to bones

Terminology – Muscles SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -asthenia lack of strength -trophy development, nourishment

Terminology – Muscles PREFIXES Prefix • • abaddorsipoly- Meaning away from toward back many, much

Chapter 16 Skin

Structure of the Skin Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue

Structure of the Skin

Acessory Organs of the Skin HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein; keratin Ø Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hair Ø Five million hairs on body; 100, 000 on head Ø Melanocytes at the root form the color Ø Grow. 5 inch (1. 3 cm) per month Ø Cutting does not affect growth

Accessory Organs of Skin NAILS: hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers Ølunula Øcuticle Øparonychium

Accessory Organs of Skin GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat Sebaceous glands secrete oily sebum into hair follicle to lubricate. Sweat glands secrete into pores to moisten and cool. Both are subject to bacterial growth.

Accessory Organs of Skin Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.

Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS Combining Form adip/o albin/o caus/o cauter/o cutane/o derm/o/ Meaning fat white burn, burning heat, burn skin

Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS Combining Form • • • Meaning dermat/o skin diaphor/o profuse sweating erythem/o redness erythemat/o redness hidr/o sweat ichthy/o scaly, dry

Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning kerat/o hard, horny tissue leuk/o white lip/o fat melan/o black myc/o fungus onych/o nail

Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS Combining Form • • • Meaning phyt/o plant pil/o hair, hair follicle py/o pus rhythid/o wrinkle seb/o sebum squam/o scalelike

Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning steat/o fat trich/o hair ungu/o nail xanth/o yellow xer/o dry

Colors

Chapter 18 Endocrine System 133

Introduction Endocrine System Glands release hormones. Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism. Hormones bind to receptors. Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.

Introduction Endocrine System ENDOCRINE glands— Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands— Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

Endocrine Glands thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland

The Endocrine System

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS Combining Form • • • Meaning aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes) pancreat/opancreas parathyroid/oparathyroid gland

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS Combining Form Meaning • pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis • thyr/o thyroid gland • thyroid/o thyroid gland

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology RELATED FORMS Combining Form • • Meaning andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/o secrete dips/o thirst estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS Combining Form • • • Meaning home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/I potassium (an electrolyte) lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS Combining Form • • • Meaning phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology SUFFIXES Suffix • • • Meaning -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of -uria urine condition

Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology PREFIXES Prefix • • euhyperhypooxypantetratri Meaning good, normal excessive, above deficient, below rapid, sharp, acid all four three

Chapter 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology)

Introduction Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues

Characteristics of Tumors Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue Malignant Benign Multiply rapidly Invasive and infiltrative Undifferentiated Metastasize • • Grow slowly Encapsulated Differentiated Don’t spread

What Causes Cancer? Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one Damage to genetic material DNA function Mitosis Protein synthesis • • Genes Nucleotides Mutation Apoptosis

Combining Forms alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst/o fibr/o follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o onc/o papill/o pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/o scirrh/o xer/o

Suffixes -blastoma -genesis -oma -plasia -plasm -suppression -therapy Prefixes anaapobrachyepimetatele-