Medical Terminology A WordBuilding Approach Seventh Edition CHAPTER
Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach Seventh Edition CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes • List the primary functions of bones. • Explain various types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints. • Contrast the male pelvis to that of the female pelvis. • Define fracture and state the various types. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes • Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. • Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. • Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to the skeletal system. • Identify and define selected abbreviations. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 39 Slide 41 Classification of Joints Animation Movement of Joints Animation Humerus Adduction Animation Wrist Circumduction Animation Ankle Dorsiflexion Animation Hand Opposition Animation Wrist Flexion and Extension Animation Elbow Flexion Animation Ankle Inversion Animation Elbow Pronation Animation Humerus Rotation Animation Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory Slide 58 Slide 61 Slide 82 Slide 85 Slide 77 Slide 78 Slide 109 Slide 117 Slide 128 Slide 130 Male Pelvis Animation Female Pelvis Animation Arthritis Video Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Video Fractures Animation Bone Healing Animation Osteoporosis Video Spinal Cord Injury Animation Knee Animation Arthroscopy Video Hip Animation Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 1 Anterior of the human skeleton. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Insert table 6 -1 Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology Overview • The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that, with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, make up the framework or skeleton of the body. • Axial skeleton – 80 bones, the principal bones being the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology Overview • Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones, the primary bones being the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones • The primary organs of the skeletal system. • Bones are 50% water and 50% osseous tissue. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • Bones begin to develop during the second month of fetal life as cartilage cells enlarge, break down, disappear, and are replaced by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. • This process is known as endochondral ossification. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • Bone cells deposit organic substances in the spaces vacated by cartilage to form bone matrix. • As this process proceeds, blood vessels form within the bone and deposit salts that serve to harden the developing bone. • After age 35, both men and women will normally lose 0. 3%-0. 5% of their bone density per year. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 2 Classification of bones by shape. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Insert table 6 -2 Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones • Structure of a Long Bone – Epiphysis – Diaphysis – Periosteum – Compact bone Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones • Structure of a Long Bone – Medullary canal – Endosteum – Cancellous or spongy bone Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 3 Features found in a long bone. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • In children, the epiphyseal plate is the center of longitudinal bone growth. • Can determine biological age of a child from the development of epiphyseal ossification centers. • About three years after onset of puberty, ends of long bones knit securely to their shafts. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 4 Epiphyseal plate (arrows). (Courtesy of Teresa Resch) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones • Bone Markings – Certain commonly used terms describe the markings of bones. – Have roles in: § joining bones together § providing areas for muscle attachments § serving as a passageway for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Insert table 6 -3 Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • A joint is an articulation, a place where two or more bones connect. • The manner in which bones connect determines the type of movement possible at the joint. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 5 Knee joint. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • Age-related joint changes are due to: – diminished viscosity of synovial fluid – degeneration of collagen and elastin cells – outgrowth of cartilaginous clusters in response to continuous wear and tear – formation of scar tissues and calcification in the joint capsules. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • Osteoarthritis often results from years of accumulated wear and tear on joints and tends to occur more frequently in the hips, knees, and finger joints. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • Classification of Joints – Synarthrosis (Fibrous) – Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous) – Diarthrosis (Synovial) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • Types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints: – Abduction – Adduction – Circumduction – Dorsiflexion Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Classification of Joints Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing the classification of joints. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Movement of Joints Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing joint movement. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Humerus Adduction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of adduction. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wrist Circumduction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of circumduction. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ankle Dorsiflexion Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of ankle dorsiflexion. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • Types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints: – Eversion – Extension – Flexion – Inversion Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hand Opposition Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of hand opposition. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wrist Flexion and Extension Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of extension. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Elbow Flexion Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of elbow flexion. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ankle Inversion Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of ankle inversion. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • Types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints: – Pronation – Protraction – Retraction Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Elbow Pronation Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of elbow pronation. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints and Movement • Types of body movement that occur at the diarthrotic joints: – Rotation – Supination Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Humerus Rotation Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of rotation. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 A Flexion and Extension Flexion–Bending a limb. Extension–Straightening a flexed limb. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 B Circumduction–Moving a body part in a circular motion. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 C Abduction and Adduction Abduction–Moving a body part away from the middle. Adduction–Moving a body part toward the middle. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 D Protraction and Retraction Protraction–Moving a body part forward. Retraction–Moving a body part backward. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 E Rotation–Moving a body part around a central axis. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 F Dorsiflexion–Bending a body part backward. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 G Pronation and Supination Pronation–Lying prone (face downward); also turning the palm downward. Supination–Lying supine (face upward); also turning the palm or foot upward. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 6 H Eversion and Inversion Eversion–Turning outward. Inversion–Turning inward. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vertebral Column • Composed of a series of separate bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way as to form four spinal curves. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vertebral Column • These curves are the: – Cervical § The first 7 vertebrae. – Thoracic § The next 12 vertebrae. – Lumbar § The next 5 vertebrae. – Sacral § Consists of the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone). Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 7 Vertebral (spinal) column. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations • Young children who are beginning to walk often have a pot-bellied stance because of a lumbar lordosis (often disappears around age five). • After age six, the spine has normal thoracic convex and lumbar concave curves. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 8 Normal development of posture and spinal curves. (A) Toddler: Protruding abdomen; lumbar lordosis. (B) School-age child: Height of shoulders and hips is level; balanced thoracic convex and lumbar concave curves. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and Female • The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the body. • The bony pelvis is formed by the sacrum, the coccyx, and the bones that form the hip and pubic arch, the ilium, pubis, and ischium. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Male Pelvis • The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel, forming a narrower outlet than the female. • The bones are generally thick and heavy and more suited for lifting and running. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 9(A) The male pelvis (android) is shaped like a funnel, forming a narrower outlet than the female. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Male Pelvis Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the male pelvis. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Female Pelvis • The female pelvis is shaped like a basin; can be oval to round, and is wider than the male pelvis. • Designed to accommodate the average fetus during pregnancy and to facilitate its downward passage through the birth canal during childbirth. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 9(B) The female pelvis (gynecoid) is shaped like a basin. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Female Pelvis Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the female pelvis. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fractures • A fracture is classified according to its external appearance, the site of the fracture, and the nature of the crack or break in the bone. Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fractures • Types of fractures: – Closed or simple – Open or compound – Comminuted – Transverse – Greenstick – Spiral Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fractures • Types of fractures: – Colles’ – Pott’s – Compression – Vertebral compression – Epiphyseal – Stress – Hip Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (A) Closed, or simple–A completely internal break that does not involve a break in the skin (x-ray of the tibia and fibula). Note the break in the fibula (smaller bone). Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (B) Open, or compound–The fracture projects through the skin and there is a possibility of infection or hemorrhage; more dangerous than a closed fracture Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (C) Transverse–Breaks the shaft of a bone across its longitudinal axis; the break is in the fibula, the smaller bone (note that images A and C are the same) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (D) Comminuted–Shatters the affected part into a multitude of bony fragments (x-ray of the femur bone) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (E) Greenstick–Only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent (like a greenstick); usually occurs in children whose long bones have not fully ossified Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (F) Spiral–Produced by twisting stresses that are spread along the length of a bone (note the break in the humerus) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (G) Colles’–A break in the distal portion of the radius; often the result of reaching out to cushion a fall Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6. 10 (H) Pott’s–Occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg (fibula and tibia) Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition Jane Rice Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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