Medical Terminology A Living Language SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER

Medical Terminology A Living Language SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 7 Respiratory System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Multimedia Directory Slide Slide Slide 18 58 81 96 100 101 107 118 123 124 127 Respiratory System Animation Respiratory Rate Assessment Video Respiratory Therapy Video Asthma Video COPD Video Cystic Fibrosis Video Tuberculosis Testing Video Oximetry Video Spirometry Video Nebulizer Video Metered Dose Inhaler Video Nasal Cannula Video Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System at a Glance • Functions of the respiratory system § Inhale fresh air into lungs § Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide § Exhale stale air continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System at a Glance • Organs of the respiratory system § § § Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Illustrated Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Combining Forms • • aer/o – air alveol/o – alveolus; air sac anthrac/o – coal atel/o – incomplete bronch/o – bronchus bronchiol/o – bronchiole coni/o – dust continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Combining Forms • • cyan/o – blue cyst/o – sac diaphragmat/o – diaphragm epiglott/o – epiglottis hal/o – to breathe laryng/o – larynx lob/o – lobe muc/o – mucus continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Combining Forms • • nas/o – nose ox/o, ox/i – oxygen pharyng/o – pharynx pleur/o – pleura pneum/o – lung, air pneumon/o – lung, air pulmon/o – lung rhin/o – nose continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Combining Forms • • • sept/o – wall sinus/o – sinus, cavity somn/o – sleep spir/o – breathing trache/o – trachea, windpipe tuss/o – cough Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Suffixes • • –capnia –osmia –phonia –pnea carbon dioxide smell voice breathing continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Suffixes • –pnea • –ptysis • –thorax breathing spitting chest Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System • Cells of body require constant gas exchange § Delivery of oxygen § Removal of carbon dioxide • Respiratory system works in conjunction with cardiovascular system to meet this need Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiration • Must be continuous to meet cells' needs • Subdivided into three distinct parts: § Ventilation § Internal respiration § External respiration Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ventilation • Flow of air between outside environment and lungs • Inhalation § Flow of air into lungs § Brings fresh oxygen into air sacs • Exhalation § Flow of air out of lungs § Removes carbon dioxide from body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

External Respiration • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs • Gases diffuse in opposite directions • Oxygen § Leaves air sacs and enters blood stream • Carbon dioxide § Leaves blood stream and enters air sacs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Internal Respiration • Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at cellular level • Oxygen § Leaves bloodstream and is delivered to tissue § Used immediately for metabolism • Carbon dioxide § Waste product of metabolism § Leaves tissue and enters bloodstream Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System • • • Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nasal Cavity • Air enters through nares • Nasal cavity divided by nasal septum • Palate in roof of mouth separates nasal cavity above from mouth below continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nasal Cavity • Cilia § Small hairs line opening to nasal cavity § Filter out large dirt particles before they can enter lungs • Walls of nasal cavity and nasal septum § Made of flexible cartilage § Covered with mucous membrane continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nasal Cavity • Much of respiratory tract is coved with mucous membrane § Mucus is thick and sticky secretion of membrane § Cleanses air by trapping dust and bacteria • Capillaries in mucous membranes § Warm air § Humidify air continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nasal Cavity • Paranasal sinuses § Located within facial bones § Echo chamber for sound production § Gives resonance to voice Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 1 Sagittal section of upper respiratory system illustrating the internal anatomy of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Pharynx • Commonly called throat • Used by respiratory and digestive systems • At end of pharynx § Air enters trachea § Food and liquids enter esophagus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Three Subdivisions of Pharynx • Nasopharynx § Upper section by nasal cavity • Oropharynx § Middle section by oral cavity • Laryngopharynx § Lower section by larynx Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Tonsils • Lymphatic tissue § Removes pathogens in air and food • Three pairs § Adenoids § Palatine § Lingual Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Eustachian or Auditory Tube • Opening found in nasopharynx • Other end opens into middle ear • Tube opens with each swallow § Equalizes air pressure between middle ear and outside atmosphere Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Larynx • Commonly called voice box • Muscular tube between pharynx and trachea • Contains vocal cords Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Vocal Cords • Folds of membranous tissue § Not actually cord-like in structure • Vibrate to produce sound as air passes through opening between folds § Called glottis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Larynx • Walls of larynx § Composed of cartilage plates § Held in place by ligaments and muscles § Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 2 The vocal cords within the larynx, superior view from the pharynx. (CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Epiglottis • Flap of cartilage • Sits above glottis • Covers larynx and trachea during swallowing § Food goes into esophagus § Not into trachea Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Trachea • Commonly called windpipe • Carries air from larynx to main bronchi • Approximately four inches in length Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 3 Structure of the trachea which extends from the larynx above to the main bronchi below. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Trachea • Tube composed of: § Smooth muscle § Cartilage rings • Lined with mucous membrane and cilia § Assists in cleansing, warming, and moisturizing air as it travels to lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Bronchial Tubes • Distal end of trachea divides § Forms left and right main or primary bronchi • Each bronchus enters a lung • Branches to form secondary and tertiary bronchi Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 4 The bronchial tree, note how each main bronchus enters a lung and then branches into smaller and smaller primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and bronchioles. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Alveoli • Bronchi continue to branch to form narrow bronchioles • Bronchiole terminates in alveoli • Approximately 150 million alveoli in each lung Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Membrane • Pulmonary capillaries encase each alveolus • Alveoli wall and capillary wall forms respiratory membrane § External respiration takes place across respiratory membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 5 A) Each bronchiole terminates in an alveolar sac, a group of alveoli. B) Alveoli encased by network capillaries, forming the respiratory membrane. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs • Each is total collection of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli • Two lungs § Right lung has 3 lobes § Left lung has 2 lobes • Spongy because they contain air continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs • Protected externally by the ribs • Protected internally by double membrane called pleura Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Pleura • Parietal pleura § Outer membrane that lines wall of chest cavity • Visceral pleura § Inner membrane that adheres to surface of lungs continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Pleura • Pleura is folded to form a sac around each lung called pleural cavity • Serous fluid between two pleural layers reduces friction when two layers rub together during ventilation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs • Apex § Pointed superior portion • Base § Broad lower area • Hilum § Entry and exit point § Bronchi, blood vessels, nerves Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 6 Position of the lungs within the thoracic cavity, anterior view illustrating lung structure and their relationship to other thoracic organs. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lung Volumes and Capacities • It is important to measure actual volume of air flowing in and out of lungs § Can then determine lung capacity • Respiratory therapist § Measures lung volumes § Pulmonary function tests continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lung Volumes and Capacities Tidal volume (TV) Volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a single relaxed breath Inspiratory reserve Volume of air that can be forcefully volume (IRV) inhaled after a normal inhale Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhale Residual volume (RV) Volume of air remaining in lungs after a forced exhale Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lung Capacities Inspiratory capacity (IC) Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume Functional residual capacity (FRC) Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume Vital capacity (VC) Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume Total lung capacity (TLC) Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Muscles • Diaphragm § Muscle separates abdomen from thoracic cavity § Contracts and moves down into abdominal cavity § Causes decrease of pressure, negative pressure, within chest cavity § Air then enters lungs (inhalation) to equalize pressure continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Muscles • Intercostal muscles § Located between ribs § Raise rib cage to further enlarge thoracic cavity § Increases negative pressure § Assists with forceful inhalation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 7 A) Bell jar apparatus demonstrating how downward movement of the diaphragm results in air flowing into the lungs. B) Action of the intercostal muscles lifts the ribs to assist the diaphragm in enlarging the volume of the thoracic cavity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Muscles • Unforced exhale results when: § § Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Thoracic cavity becomes smaller Creates positive thoracic pressure Air flows out of lungs to equalize pressure continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Muscles • For forceful exhale: § Use additional chest and neck muscles to further decrease size of thoracic cavity § Create greater positive pressure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Rate • One of the vital signs (VS), along with heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure • Respiratory rate dependent on level of CO 2 in blood continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Rate • When CO 2 level is high, we breathe more rapidly to expel excess • If CO 2 levels drop, respiratory rate will also drop until CO 2 builds up in bloodstream Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Rates by Age Group Age • • Respirations per Minute Newborn 1 -year-old 16 -year-old Adult • • Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht 30– 60 18– 30 16– 20 12– 20 Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • aer/o – air alveol/o – alveolus angi/o – vessel anthrac/o – coal arteri/o – artery bi/o – life bronch/o – bronchus bronchi/o – bronchus continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • bronchiol/o – bronchiole carcin/o – cancer cardi/o – heart coni/o – dust cortic/o – outer region, cortex cyan/o – blue cyst/o – cyst, bladder continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • cyt/o – cell diaphragmat/o – diaphragm embol/o – plug epiglott/o – epiglottis fibr/o – fibers hem/o – blood hist/o – tissue laryng/o – larynx continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • lob/o – lobe muc/o – mucus myc/o – fungus nas/o – nose orth/o – straight ot/o – ear ox/i – oxygen ox/o – oxygen continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • pharyng/o – pharynx pleur/o – pleura pneum/o – air pneumon/o – lung pulmon/o – lung py/o – pus rhin/o – nose sept/o – wall continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Combining Forms • • • sinus/o – sinus somn/o – sleep spir/o – breathing thorac/o – chest trache/o – trachea tuss/o – cough Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • • -algia -ary -capnia -centesis -dynia -eal pertaining to pain pertaining to carbon dioxide puncture to withdraw fluid pain pertaining to continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • • -ectasis -ectomy -emia -genic -gram -graphy -ia dilation surgical removal blood condition produced by record process of recording condition continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • • -ic -ism -itis -logy -lytic -meter -metry pertaining to state of inflammation study of destruction instrument to measure process of measuring continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • • -oma -ory -osis -osmia -ostomy -otomy -phonia -plasm tumor pertaining to abnormal condition smell surgically create opening cutting into voice formation continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • • -plasty -plegia -pnea -rrhagia -rrhea -scope -scopy surgical repair paralysis breathing abnormal flow condition discharge instrument for viewing process of visually examining continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Suffixes • -stenosis • -thorax • -tic narrowing chest pertaining to Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Prefixes • • aanantibradydedysendoeu- without against slow without abnormal, difficult within normal continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Prefixes • • hyperhypopanparapolyretachy- excessive insufficient all beside many again fast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms alveolar pertaining to the alveoli bronchial pertaining to a bronchus bronchiolar pertaining to a bronchiole diaphragmatic pertaining to the diaphragm epiglottic pertaining to the epiglottis laryngeal pertaining to the larynx nasal pertaining to the nose nasopharyngeal pertaining to the nose and pharynx continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms paranasal pertaining to beside the nose pharyngeal pertaining to the pharynx pleural pertaining to the pleura pulmonary pertaining to a lung septal pertaining to the nasal septum thoracic pertaining to the chest tracheal pertaining to the trachea Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Anatomical Terms • Bronchial § bronchi/o + -al § Pertaining to a bronchus • Bronchiolar § bronchiol/o + -ar § Pertaining to a bronchiole continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Anatomical Terms • Laryngeal § laryng/o + -eal § Pertaining to the larynx • Pharyngeal § pharyng/o + -eal § Pertaining to the pharynx Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties internal medicine Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the respiratory system; physician is an internist. otorhinolaryngology Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the ear, nose, and throat region; physician is an otorhinolaryngologist. continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties Branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and pulmonology disorders of the respiratory system; physician is a pulmonologist. continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties respiratory therapy Allied health specialty that assists patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders. Duties of a respiratory therapist include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, administering breathing treatments, and ventilator management. continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties thoracic surgery Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the respiratory system by surgical means; physician is a thoracic surgeon. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms anosmia lack of the sense of smell anoxia unable to obtain oxygen from inhaled air aphonia being unable to produce sound apnea not breathing asphyxia lack of oxygen; can lead to unconsciousness and death aspiration withdrawing fluid using suction; removing phlegm from patient's airway; inhaling food or liquid into trachea continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms bradypnea breathing too slowly; low respiratory rate bronchiectasis having dilated bronchi bronchospasm involuntary contraction of smooth muscle in bronchial walls abnormal breathing pattern with long Cheyne–Stokes periods of apnea followed by deep and respiration rapid breathing continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms clubbing abnormal widening and thickening of fingers due to chronic oxygen deficiency crackles abnormal crackling sound during inspiration; indicates fluid or mucus in airway; also called rales cyanosis blue skin caused by low oxygen in blood dysphonia difficulty producing sound dyspnea difficult or labored breathing Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 8 A cyanotic infant. Note the bluish tinge to the skin around the lips, chin, and nose. (St Bartholomew's Hospital, London/Science Source) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms epistaxis a nosebleed eupnea normal breathing and respiratory rate hemoptysis cough up blood or blood-stained sputum hemothorax presence of blood in the chest cavity hypercapnia excessive carbon dioxide in the body hyperpnea taking deep breaths hyperventilation breathing too fast and too deep continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms hypocapnia Insufficient levels of carbon dioxide in the blood hypopnea taking shallow breaths hypoventilation breathing too slow and too shallow hypoxemia having insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream hypoxia receiving insufficient amount of oxygen from inhaled air laryngoplegia paralysis of the muscles controlling the larynx continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms orthopnea difficulty breathing made worse by lying flat; patient breaths better sitting up pansinusitis inflammation of all the paranasal sinuses patent open or unblocked phlegm thick mucus secreted by respiratory tract pleural rub grating sound made when layers of pleura rub together during respiration pleurodynia pleural pain continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms pyothorax presence of pus in the chest cavity rhinitis inflammation of the nasal cavity rhinorrhagia rapid flow of blood from the nose rhinorrhea fluid discharge from the nose; runny nose rhonchi musical sound during expiration; caused by bronchial tube spasms shortness of breath (SOB) indicates that a patient is having difficulty breathing; also called dyspnea continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Signs and Symptoms sputum phlegm coughed up from respiratory tract stridor harsh, high-pitched breath sound; indicates obstruction in the airway tachypnea breathing fast; high respiratory rate thoracalgia chest pain; not angina pectoris tracheostenosis narrowing of the trachea Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms • Hypoxia § hypo- + ox/o + -ia § Condition of insufficient oxygen • Pyothorax § py/o + -thorax § Pus in the chest (cavity) continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms • Pansinusitis § pan- + sinus/o + -itis § Inflammation of all sinsues • Tachypnea § tachy- + -pnea § Breathing too fast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Upper Respiratory System Pathology croup acute respiratory condition in children; characterized by barking type of cough diphtheria bacterial infection characterized by formation of thick membranous film across throat; high mortality rate laryngitis inflammation of the larynx nasoinflammation of the nose and pharynx; pharyngitis commonly called the common cold pertussis bacterial infection of upper respiratory system; characterized by whooping cough continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Upper Respiratory System Pathology pharyngitis inflammation of the pharynx; commonly called a sore throat rhinomycosis fungal infection of the nasal cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Bronchial Tube Pathology asthma difficulty breathing caused by bronchospasms, dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing bronchiectasis enlarged bronchi due to destruction of bronchial wall; result of infections bronchitis inflammation of a bronchus bronchogenic carcinoma cancerous tumor originating in bronchi Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 9 Color enhanced X-ray of large malignant tumor in right lower lung. (Du Cane Medical Imagingm Ltd. /Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lung Pathology adult respiratory acute respiratory failure; distress characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, syndrome cyanosis, and hypoxemia (ARDS) anthracosis type of pneumoconiosis; coal dust collecting in lungs; also called black lung or miner's lung asbestosis type of pneumoconiosis; asbestos fibers collecting in lungs continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lung Pathology atelectasis condition in which alveoli in a portion of lung collapses; prevents gas exchange in lung chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible group of conditions; like emphysema; lungs have decreased capacity to function cystic fibrosis (CF) genetic condition; produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion in lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs emphysema chronic lung condition characterized by destruction of alveolar walls histoplasmosis fungal infection of the lungs most common in premature infants; infant respiratory characterized by tachypnea; distress syndrome previously called hyaline membrane (IRDS) disease influenza (flu) viral infection of respiratory system continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs Legionnaires' disease severe bacterial infection causing pneumonia, liver, and kidney damage Mycoplasma pneumonia less severe but longer lasting form of bacterial pneumonia; also called walking pneumonia pneumoconiosis accumulation of foreign particles, such as coal dust, in the lungs continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs pneumonia inflammatory condition of lungs; results in alveoli filling with fluid excessive amount of tissue fluid pulmonary edema accumulating in the lung tissues pulmonary embolism floating blood clot obstructs pulmonary artery; causes infarct of lung tissue continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs pulmonary fibrosis formation of fibrous scar tissue in lung; reduced ability to expand lungs severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) acute viral respiratory infection; begins like flu but quickly progresses; very high mortality rate silicosis type of pneumoconiosis; accumulation of silica dust in lungs continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lungs sleep apnea breathing stops repeatedly during sleep; causes drop in oxygen levels sudden infant unexpected and unexplained death of death syndrome apparently well infant; stops breathing (SIDS) for unknown reasons tuberculosis (TB) bacterial lung infection; results in inflammation and calcification of lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Pleural Cavity Pathology empyema accumulation of pus in pleural space; also called pyothorax pleural effusion accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity; prevents lungs from fully expanding pleurisy inflammation of pleura; characterized by sharp pain with each breath pneumothorax collection of air in pleural cavity; may result in collapsed lung Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 10 Pneumothorax. Figure illustrates how puncture of thoracic wall and tearing of pleural membrane allows air into lung and results in collapsed lung. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Pathology Terms • Apnea § a- + -pnea § Without breathing • Pneumoconiosis § pneum/o + coni/o + -osis § Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Pathology Terms • Atelectasis § atel/o + -ectasis § Incomplete dilation (collapsed) • Pneumonia § pneumon/o + -ia § Lung condition Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clinical Laboratory Tests arterial blood gases (ABGs) blood test of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood sputum cultures sputum for bacterial growth, if and sensitivity present, then determines best antibiotic (C&S) to use sputum cytology examining sputum for malignant cells Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Diagnostic Imaging bronchogram X-ray record of the lungs bronchography X-ray of lung after inhaling radiopaque substance chest X-ray of the organs of the thoracic cavity pulmonary angiography X-ray of lungs after injecting dye into blood vessel ventilationperfusion scan nuclear medicine test; radioactive air is inhaled for ventilation portion; radioactive dye is injected for perfusion portion; looks for pulmonary emboli Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Endoscopic Procedures bronchoscope instrument used to visually examine the bronchial tubes bronchoscopy (Bronch) visual examination of bronchial tubes using a bronchoscope laryngoscope instrument used to visually examine the larynx laryngoscopy visual examination of larynx using a laryngoscope Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 11 Bronchoscopy. Figure illustrates physician using a bronchoscope to inspect the patient's bronchial tubes. Advances in technology include using a videoscope which projects the internal view of the bronchus onto a video screen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Pulmonary Function Tests oximeter instrument used to measure oxygen oximetry measures oxygen level in blood; uses oximeter on patient's finger tip pulmonary function test (PFT) group of tests to measure air flow in and out of lungs, lung volumes, and gas exchange spirometer instrument used to measure lung capacity spirometry measures lung capacity using a spirometer Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Diagnostic Procedures polysomnography monitoring patient sleeping to identify sleep apnea sweat test for cystic fibrosis; this disease causes large amount of salt in sweat tuberculin skin tests (TB test) introducing purified protein derivative (PPD) under the skin; determines if person has been exposed to TB Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Diagnostic Terms • Laryngoscope § laryng/o + -scope § Instrument to visually examine larynx • Laryngoscopy § laryng/o + -scopy § Process of visually examining the larynx continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Diagnostic Terms • Oximeter § ox/i + -meter § Instrument to measure oxygen • Oximetry § ox/i + -metry § Process of measuring oxygen Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Therapy aerosol therapy medication suspended in a mist and inhaled; delivered by a nebulizer or metered dose inhaler (single puff dose) endotracheal intubation placing a tube through the mouth and into the trachea to keep airway open intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) method for assisting patients in breathing with a machine that produces an increase in positive thoracic pressure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 11 Endotracheal intubation. First, a lighted scope is used to identify the trachea from the esophagus. Next, the tube is placed through the pharynx and into the trachea. Finally, the scope is removed, leaving the tube in place. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory Therapy nasal cannula two-pronged plastic device to deliver oxygen into the nose postural drainage of bronchial secretions by placing patient in positions using gravity to promote drainage; cystic fibrosis treatment supplement oxygen therapy providing additional oxygen concentration to improve oxygen levels in bloodstream ventilator machine that provides artificial ventilation for a patient unable to breathe alone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Surgical Procedures bronchoplasty surgical repair of a bronchus laryngectomy surgical removal of the larynx laryngoplasty surgical repair of the larynx lobectomy surgical removal of a lung lobe pleurectomy surgical removal of the pleura pleurocentesis withdrawing fluid from the pleural space pneumonectomy surgical removal of an entire lung rhinoplasty surgical repair of the nose continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Surgical Procedures thoracentesis surgical puncture of chest wall to remove fluids; also called thoracocentesis thoracostomy insertion of tube (a chest tube) into chest to drain off fluid or air thoracotomy cutting into the chest cavity tracheotomy emergency procedure to create an opening directly into trachea so person can breathe easier; also called tracheostomy Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 13 Thoracentesis. The needle is inserted between the ribs to withdraw fluid from the pleural sac at the base of the left lung. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 7. 14 A tracheotomy tube in place, inserted through an opening in the front of the neck and anchored within the trachea. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Additional Procedures cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) emergency treatment given to persons when respiration and heart stop Heimlich maneuver technique for removing foreign body obstructing trachea or pharynx percussion using fingers to tap on surface to determine condition beneath surface Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Therapeutic Terms • Endotracheal § endo- + trache/o + -al § Pertaining to within the trachea • Lobectomy § lob/o + -ectomy § Surgical removal of a lobe (of the lung) continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Therapeutic Terms • Thoracocentesis § thorac/o + -centesis § Puncture to withdraw fluid from the chest • Cardiopulmonary § cardi/o + pulmon/o + -ary § Pertaining to the heart and lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Pharmacology antibiotic kills bacteria Amoxil, Cipro antihistamine blocks histamine released during allergy attack Allegra, Claritan, Benadryl antitussive relieves urge to cough Hycodan, Vicks Formula 44 continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Pharmacology relaxes bronchodilator bronchospasms; treats asthma Proventil, Ventolin, -Dur Theo corticosteroids reduces inflammation Flonase, Nasonex, of respiratory tract Azmacort decongestant reduces congestion Afrin, Drixoral, in respiratory system Sudafed continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Pharmacology expectorant improves ability to cough up mucus Robitussin, Mucinex mucolytic liquefies mucus so it is easier to cough up Mucomyst Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations ABGs arterial blood gases ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome Bronch bronchoscopy CO 2 carbon dioxide COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation C&S culture and sensitivity CF cystic fibrosis continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations CTA clear to auscultation CXR chest X-ray DOE dyspnea on exertion DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus ENT ear, nose, and throat ERV expiratory reserve volume flu influenza FRC functional residual capacity continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations HMD hyaline membrane disease IC inspiratory capacity IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing IRDS infant respiratory distress syndrome IRV inspiratory reserve volume LLL left lower lung LUL left upper lung continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations MDI metered dose inhaler O 2 oxygen PFT pulmonary function test PPD purified protein derivative R respiration RA room air continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations RDS respiratory distress syndrome RLL right lower lung RML right middle lobe RRT registered respiratory therapist RV residual volume RUL right upper lung SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System Abbreviations SIDS sudden infant death syndrome SOB shortness of breath TB tuberculosis TLC total lung capacity TPR temperature, pulse, respiration TV tidal volume URI upper respiratory infection VC vital capacity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Combining Forms Match Up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. atel/o coni/o rhin/o sept/o spir/o a. b. c. d. e. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht nose dust incomplete wall breathing Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved