Medical Terminology A Living Language Digestive System Medical

Medical Terminology A Living Language Digestive System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System at a Glance l Function of the Digestive System l l l Mechanical and chemical digestion of food Absorption of nutrient molecules Elimination of solid wastes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System at a Glance l Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract l l l Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System at a Glance l Accessory Organs l l Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Salivary glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Combining Forms l l l l an/o appendic/o bar/o bucc/o cec/o chol/e anus appendix weight cheek cecum bile, gall Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Combining Forms l l l l cholangi/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o colon/o dent/o duoden/o bile duct gallbladder common bile duct colon tooth duodenum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Combining Forms l l l l enter/o esophag/o gastr/o gingiv/o gloss/o hepat/o ile/o small intestine esophagus stomach gums tongue liver ileum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Combining Forms l l l l jejun/o labi/o lapar/o lingu/o lith/o odont/o or/o jejunum lip abdomen tongue stone tooth mouth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Combining Forms l l l l palat/o pancreat/o pharyng/o proct/o pylor/o rect/o sialaden/o sigmoid/o palate pancreas throat, pharynx anus and rectum pylorus rectum salivary gland sigmoid colon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Suffixes l l l l –emesis –lithiasis –orexia –pepsia –phagia –prandial –tripsy vomit stone appetite digestion eat, swallow pertaining to a meal surgical crushing Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology l Also called: l l Gastrointestinal system (GI) Gut Alimentary canal Approximately 30 feet of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 9 – The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with an/o & bucc/o –al anal pertaining to anus –al buccal pertaining to cheek labi/o –al labiobuccal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to lips and cheeks Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with append/o & appendic/o –ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix –itis appendicitis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht inflammation of appendix Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with cholecyst/o & dent/o –ectomy cholecystectomy removal of gallbladder –gram cholecystogram X-ray record of gallbladder –ic cholecystic pertaining to gallbladder –algia cholecystalgia gallbladder pain –al dental pertaining to teeth –algia dentalgia tooth pain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with col/o & colon/o –ectomy colectomy removal of colon –ostomy colostomy new opening into colon rect/o –al colorectal pertaining to colon & rectum –scope colonoscope instrument to view colon –ic colonic pertaining to colon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o, & esophag/o –al duodenal pertaining to duodenum –ic enteric pertaining to intestine –itis enteritis inflammation of intestine –eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus –ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with gastr/o –algia gastralgia stomach pain –ic gastric pertaining to stomach enter/o –itis gastroenteritis inflammation of stomach enter/o –ologist gastroenterologist stomach specialist –malacia gastromalacia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht stomach softening Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with gastr/o nas/o –ic nasogastric pertaining to nose & stomach –ostomy gastrostomy new opening into stomach –scope gastroscope instrument to view stomach –itis gastritis inflammation of stomach –ectomy gastrectomy surgical removal of stomach Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with gingiv/o & gloss/o –al gingival pertaining to gums –itis gingivitis gum inflammation –al glossal pertaining to tongue hypo– –al hypoglossal pertaining to under tongue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o –itis hepatitis inflammation of liver –oma hepatoma liver tumor –ic hepatic pertaining to liver –al ileal pertaining to ileum –ostomy ileostomy new opening into ileum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with jejun/o, lapar/o, & lingu/o –al jejunal pertaining to jejunum –otomy laparotomy incision into abdomen –scope laparoscope instrument to view inside colon sub– –al sublingual pertaining to under the tongue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with odont/o, or/o, & palat/o orth/o –ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth –al oral pertaining to mouth –plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with pancreat/o & pharyng/o –itis pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas –eal pharyngeal pertaining to pharynx –plegia pharyngoplegia pharynx paralysis –plasty pharyngoplasty surgical repair of pharynx Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o –ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus –logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist –pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus –ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o, & sigmoid/o –al rectal pertaining to rectum –itis sialadenitis inflammation of salivary glands –scope instrument to view inside sigmoidoscope sigmoid colon –al sigmoidal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to sigmoid colon Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with –emesis, –orexia, & –prandial hemat/o hematemesis vomit blood hyper– hyperemesis excessive vomiting an– anorexia lack of appetite dys– dysorexia abnormal appetite post– postprandial pertaining to after a meal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with –pepsia & –phagia brady– bradypepsia slow digestion dys– dyspepsia painful digestion a– aphagia lack of eating dys– dysphagia abnormal eating poly– polyphagia too much eating Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Vocabulary anorexia loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa ascites collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity bowel inability to control defecation incontinence bridge cachexia dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Vocabulary constipation difficult or infrequent defecation crown artificial tooth to replace original crown decay of tooth due to bacterial infection; dental caries tooth cavity dentistry prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving teeth, jaw, and mouth denture partial or complete set of artificial teeth diarrhea frequent, watery bowel movements Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Vocabulary emesis vomiting diagnosis and treatment of diseases of gastroenterology the digestive system hematochezia passing bright red blood in stools prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a implant tooth diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal medicine internal organs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Vocabulary jaundice melena yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigment; often caused by liver disease passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood nausea urge to vomit obesity weight above healthy levels orthodontics correction of problems of tooth alignment Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Vocabulary periodontics treating conditions of the gums and area around teeth polyp tumor with a pedicle (stem) attachment; found on mucous membranes proctology pyrosis diagnosis and treatment of diseases of anus and rectum stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Oral Cavity Pathology aphthous ulcers cleft lip cleft palate ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening into nasal cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Oral Cavity Pathology herpes labialis periodontal disease herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection; fever blisters or cold sores disease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Esophageal Pathology esophageal varices varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture gastroesophageal acid from stomach flows backward reflux disease up into esophagus causing (GERD) inflammation and pain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Stomach Pathology gastric carcinoma hiatal hernia peptic ulcer disease (PUD) malignant tumor in stomach protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices; may be a result of Helicobacter pylori infection Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 10 – A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 11 A – The location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the stomach and the duodenum. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 11 B – Photomicrograph of a gastric ulcer. (Dr. E. Walker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology anal fistula abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening colorectal carcinoma malignant tumor in the colon or rectum Crohn’s disease chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring; also called regional ileitis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology diverticulitis diverticulosis dysentery inflammation of a diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside condition of having diverticula, may lead to diverticulitis diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 12 – Diverticulosis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology hemorrhoids varicose veins in the anal region ileus inguinal hernia severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 13 – An inguinal hernia. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology intussusception one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation; also called functional bowel syndrome Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 14 – Intussusception. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Small Intestine & Colon Pathology polyposis ulcerative colitis volvulus having polyps growing on the mucous membrane of the colon; may become cancerous chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon; also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 15 – Photograph showing a polyp in the colon. (ISM/Phototake NYC) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 16 – Volvulus. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Accessory Organ Pathology cholecystitis inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones cholelithiasis presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms cirrhosis chronic liver disease due to liver failure hepatitis inflammation of liver; usually due to a viral infection Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 17 A – Common sites for cholelithiasis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 17 B – A gallbladder specimen with multiple gallstones. (Martin Rotker/Phototake NYC) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests alanine transaminase (ALT) aspartate transaminase (AST) fecal occult blood (FOBT) normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease examines feces for microscopic amounts of blood; also called hemoccult Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests ova and parasites (O&P) serum bilirubin stool culture examination of feces for presence of parasites or their eggs determines amount of bilirubin in bloodstream; indicates liver disease culture of feces to look for presence of pathogenic bacteria Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging X-ray of teeth with film holder held in the teeth intravenous X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts cholecystography after intravenous injection of dye lower X-ray of colon and rectum after gastrointestinal barium dye injected via an enema; series (lower GI) also called a barium enema (BE) bite-wing X-ray Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 18 – Color enhanced X-ray of the colon taken during a barium enema. (CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) upper gastrointestinal series (upper GI) X-ray of liver and bile duct after dye is injected directly into liver X-ray of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after swallowing barium; also called barium swallow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endoscopic Procedures esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using a scope to view inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum visual examine inside hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct; scope is inserted through anus and worked backwards through gut Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endoscopic Procedures colonoscopy gastroscopy laparoscopy visual examination inside of colon and rectum using a colonoscope visual examination inside of stomach using a gastroscope visual examination inside of abdominal cavity using a laparoscope visual examination inside of sigmoidoscopy colon using a sigmoidoscope Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Additional Diagnostic Procedures paracentesis insertion of needle into abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Dental Procedures extraction removing teeth root canal drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a tooth that is badly infected Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures gavage placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube lavage washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube nasogastric intubation (NG tube) total parenteral nutrition (TPN) flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures anastomosis bariatric surgery surgical creation of a connection between two organs; like joining together two sections of colon surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling surgical crushing of a gallstone in choledocholithotripsy the common bile duct Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures colostomy surgical creation of opening into some portion of colon through abdominal wall diverticulectomy surgical removal of diverticula exploratory laparotomy surgical procedure to examine the abdominal organs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 19 A – The colon illustrating various –ostomy sites. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 8. 19 B – Colostomy in the descending colon. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures fistulectomy removal of a fistula gastric stapling procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much smaller stomach hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures hernioplasty surgical repair of a hernia laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision liver transplant implantation of a donor liver Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Pharmacology anorexiant suppresses appetite to treat obesity Adipost, Obezine Tums, Maalox, antacid neutralizes stomach acid Mylanta Imodium, antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea Lomotil antiemetic treats nausea and vomiting Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Compazine, Phenergan Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Pharmacology emetic induces vomiting Ipecac syrup H 2 -receptor antagonist blocks the production of stomach acid Zantac, Pepcid, Tagament stimulates a bowel movement blocks stomach’s ability to secrete acid Senokot, Metamucil Nexium, Prilosec laxative proton pump inhibitor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Abbreviations ac before meals ALT alanine transaminase AST aspartate transaminase Ba barium BE barium enema BM bowel movement BS bowel sounds Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Abbreviations CBD common bile duct EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography FOBT fecal occult blood test GB gallbladder GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GI gastrointestinal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Abbreviations HAV hepatitis A virus HBV hepatitis B virus HCl hydrochloric acid HCV hepatitis C virus HDV hepatitis D virus HEV hepatitis E virus HSV-1 herpes simplex virus type 1 Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Abbreviations IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome IVC intravenous cholangiography NG nasogastric NPO nothing by mouth n&v nausea and vomiting O&P ova and parasites Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Abbreviations pc after meals PO by mouth pp postprandial PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography PUD peptic ulcer disease TPN total parenteral nutrition UGI upper gastrointestinal series Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology A Living Language Endocrine System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System at a Glance Endocrine glands secrete hormones l Hormones regulate body activities l l l Metabolic rate Water and mineral balance Immune system reactions Sexual functioning Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System at a Glance l Organs of the Endocrine System l l l l l Adrenal glands Ovaries Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Parathyroid glands Pineal gland Pituitary gland Testes Thymus gland Thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Combining Forms l l l l acr/o adrenal/o andr/o calc/o crin/o estr/o extremities adrenal glands male calcium secrete female Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Combining Forms l l l l glyc/o glycos/o gonad/o home/o kal/i natr/o ophthalm/o sugar sex glands sameness potassium sodium eye Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Combining Forms l l l l pancreat/o parathyroid/o pineal/o pituitar/o thym/o thyroid/o toxic/o pancreas parathyroid gland pineal gland pituitary gland thymus thyroid gland poison Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Suffixes –crine l –dipsia l –prandial l –tropin l to secrete thirst relating to a meal stimulate Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology Collection of glands l Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream l l Chemicals that act on target organs Increase or decrease target’s activity level Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis l Maintain stable internal environment Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Types of Glands l Two types of glands in body l l Exocrine glands l l l Exocrine glands and endocrine glands Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body Example: sweat glands Endocrine glands l l l Release hormones directly into bloodstream Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands Example: thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with adren/o & adrenal/o –al adrenal pertaining to adrenal gland –megaly adrenomegaly enlarged adrenal gland –pathy adrenopathy adrenal gland disease –ectomy adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland adrenalitis inflammation of adrenal gland –itis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with calc/o & crin/o hyper– –emia hypercalcemia excessive calcium in blood hypo– –emia hypocalcemia low calcium in blood endo– –ologist endocrinologist endo– –pathy specialist in endocrine system endocrinopathy disease Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with glyc/o, kal/i, & natr/o hyper– –emia hyperglycemia excessive sugar in blood hypo– –emia hypoglycemia low sugar in blood hyper– –emia hyperkalemia excessive potassium in blood hypo– –emia low sodium in blood hyponatremia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with parathyroid/o & pancreat/o –al parathyroidal pertaining to parathyroid –ectomy parathyroidectomy removal of parathyroid hyper– –ism hyperparathyroidism state of excessive parathyroid hypo– –ism hypoparathyroidism state of insufficient parathyroid –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with pituitar/o & thym/o –ary pituitary pertaining to pituitary hypo– –ism hypopituitarism state of low pituitary state of excessive hyper– –ism hyperpituitarism pituitary –ic thymic pertaining to thymus –ectomy thymectomy removal of thymus –itis thymitis inflammation of thymus –oma thymus tumor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with thyr/o & thyroid/o –megaly thyromegaly enlarged thyroid –al thyroidal pertaining to thyroid –ectomy thyroidectomy removal of thyroid hyper– –ism state of excessive hyperthyroidism thyroid hypo– –ism hypothyroidism Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht state of low thyroid Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Vocabulary acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids edema excessive fluid in body tissues diagnosis and treatment of conditions of endocrinology endocrine glands exophthalmos protruding eyeballs gynecomastia development of breast tissue in males hirsutism excessive amount of hair Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 11 – A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Vocabulary hypersecretion excessive hormone production by endocrine gland hyposecretion insufficient hormone production by endocrine gland obesity having abnormal amount of fat syndrome group of symptoms and signs that combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Adrenal Gland Pathology Addison’s disease adrenal feminization adrenal virilism hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females; develops male secondary sexual characteristics Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Adrenal Gland Pathology hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include weakness, Cushing’s syndrome edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually pheochromocytoma benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 12 – Cushing’s syndrome. (Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pancreas Pathology Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism l Results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria l Two very distinct types: - insulin-dependent - non-insulin-dependent l diabetes mellitus (DM) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pancreas Pathology diabetic retinopathy accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes mellitus ketoacidosis due to excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus peripheral neuropathy insulinoma damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes excessive amount of insulin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Parathyroid Gland Pathology tetany Recklinghausen disease nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pituitary Gland Pathology acromegaly diabetes insipidus (DI) dwarfism chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 13 – Acromegaly. The hand on the right is from a normal person, the hand on the left is a person with acromegaly. (Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Suzanne S. Frucht Bonnie F. Fremgen and Sue Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pituitary Gland Pathology gigantism panhypopituitarism hypersecretion of growth hormone in child; results in very tall adult hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Thyroid Gland Pathology cretinism congenital hyposecretion of thyroid; results in poor physical and mental development goiter enlarged thyroid gland Graves’ disease hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 14 – Goiter. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Thyroid Gland Pathology Hashimoto’s disease myxedema thyrotoxicosis autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder in adult; symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy marked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine Gland Pathology adenocarcinoma cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests measures level of substances, such blood serum test as calcium, glucose, or hormones, in blood measures calcium in blood; used to total calcium diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders radioimmunoassay measures levels of hormones in (RIA) blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests fasting blood sugar (FSB) measures glucose in bloodstream after 12 -hour fast glucose tolerance test (GTT) measures blood sugar level over several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test measures blood glucose level two hours after a meal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests protein bound iodine test (PBI) thyroid function test (TFT) measures T 4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins measures levels of T 3, T 4, and TSH in blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging thyroid echogram ultrasound image of thyroid gland thyroid scan nuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Treatments chemical thyroidectomy large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoids surgery hormone replacement therapy administering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments laparoscopic adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland through small abdominal laparoscopic incision lobectomy removal of a lobe of thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Pharmacology antithyroid agents blocks production of thyroid hormones replaces adrenal cortex corticosteroids hormones human growth hormone replaces growth hormone therapy Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Tapazole Deltasone Genotropin, Protropin Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Pharmacology insulin treats type 1 diabetes mellitus Humulin L oral hypoglycemic agents decreases blood sugar in type 2 diabetics Glucophage, Glucotrol thyroid replacement hormone replaces thyroid hormones Levo-T, Cytomel vasopressin treats diabetes insipidus Desmopressin, Vaprisol Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Abbreviations a alpha ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH antidiuretic hormone b beta BMR basal metabolic rate DI diabetes insipidus DM diabetes mellitus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Abbreviations FBS fasting blood sugar FSH follicle-stimulating hormone GH growth hormone GTT glucose tolerance test IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus K+ potassium LH luteinizing hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Abbreviations MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone Na+ sodium NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin) PBI protein-bound iodine PRL prolactin PTH parathyroid hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Abbreviations RAI radioactive iodine RIA radioimmunoassay T 3 triiodothyronine T 4 thyroxine TFT thyroid function test TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.