Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 5 Cardiovascular

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System at a Glance l Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System l l l Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System at a Glance l Organs of Cardiovascular System l l Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o vessel aorta artery fatty substance atrium heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l coron/o hemangi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o heart blood vessel vein pulse chest clot Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l valv/o valvul/o vascul/o vas/o ventricul/o valve blood vessel, duct vein ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System Suffixes –manometer l –ole l –tension l –ule l instrument to measure pressure small Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology Also called circulatory system l Maintains distribution of blood throughout body l l l Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology l Is composed of: l l Heart Blood vessels l l Arteries Capillaries Veins Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Systemic Circulation Between heart and cells of body l Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body l Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pulmonary Circulation Between heart and lungs l Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs l Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart l Muscular pump l l Made up of cardiac muscle fibers Could be called a muscle instead of an organ Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100, 000 times a day l Each time the muscle contracts: l l l Blood is ejected from heart Pushed throughout body within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart l Located in the mediastinum l l More to left side of chest Directly behind sternum About size of a fist l Shaped like upside-down pear l Tip of heart at lower edge l l Called the apex Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Layers Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium l Inner l Outer layer l Middle layer l Lines heart l. Thick muscle chambers l Contraction of this layer l Smooth, thin layer that develops the reduces friction pressure as the blood required to passes through pump blood heart chambers through blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht layer l Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac l Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Chambers l Divided into four chambers l l l Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Atria Left and right upper chambers l Receiving chambers l Blood returns to atria in veins l l l Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ventricles Left and right lower chambers l Pumping chambers l l l Thick myocardium Blood exits ventricles into arteries l l Aorta Pulmonary artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Valves l Four valves in heart l Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow l Found at entrance and exit to ventricles l Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Tricuspid Valve An atrioventricular valve l Between right atrium and ventricle l l l Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Has 3 leaflets or cusps Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pulmonary Valve A semilunar valve l Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery l l l Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle Semilunar – valve looks like half moon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Mitral Valve An atrioventricular valve l Between left atrium and ventricle l l l Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Aortic Valve A semilunar valve l Between left ventricle and aorta l l Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called: l l Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2. Right atrium contracts l Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3. Right ventricle contracts l l Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery Carries blood to lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs l Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5. Left atrium contracts l Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6. Left ventricle contracts l l l Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta Largest artery in the body Carries blood to all parts of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 6 – The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Systole and Diastole l Heart chambers alternate between: l l Relaxing to fill Contracting to push blood forward Relaxation phase is diastole l Contraction phase is systole l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Conduction System of the Heart l Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate l l Therefore, no voluntary control over heart Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses l Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of the Conduction System 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins l l From SA node a wave of electricity travels through atria Causing them to contract, or go into systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of the Conduction System 2. Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated 3. This node transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Path of the Conduction System 4. Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum 5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated l Results in ventricular systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 7 – The conduction system of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessels Pipes that circulate blood through body l Three types: l l l Arteries Capillaries Veins Lumen is the channel within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Arteries Large thick-walled vessels l Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict l As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Arteries l Carry blood away from heart l l Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body Coronary arteries supply myocardium Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 10 – The coronary arteries. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 11 – The major arteries of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Capillaries Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed l Connecting unit between arteries and veins l l Arterial blood flows into capillary bed Venous blood flows out of capillary bed Location for: l l Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Veins Much thinner walls than arteries l Much lower pressure system than in arteries l l Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart Smallest veins are called venules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Veins l Carry blood towards the heart l l l From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 12 – The major veins of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Pressure Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel l May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels l l l Elasticity of arteries Diameter of blood vessels Viscosity of blood Volume of blood Amount of resistance to blood flow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Pressure l During ventricular systole l l Blood is under great pressure Gives highest pressure—systolic Top number of blood pressure reading During ventricular diastole l l l Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic Bottom number of blood pressure reading Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with angi/o –gram angiogram record of a vessel –itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel –plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel –spasm angiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel –stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o –ic aortic pertaining to the aorta –al arterial pertaining to an artery –ole arteriole small artery –rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with ather/o & atri/o atherectomy surgical removal of fatty substance –oma atheroma fatty substance tumor/growth –al atrial pertaining to the atrium –ectomy inter– –al interatrial Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between the atrium Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with cardi/o –ac cardiac brady– –ia bradycardia pertaining to the heart state of slow heart electr/o –gram record of heart’s electrocardiogram electricity –megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart my/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle –ologist cardiologist heart specialist –rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy– –ia tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht state of fast heart Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o –ary coronary pertaining to the heart –itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein –ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o –plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve –itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve –ar valvular pertaining to a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –ous venous pertaining to veins –ule venule small vein –gram venogram record of a vein –ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles inter– –ar interventricular Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between ventricles Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary auscultation cardiology catheter listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary infarct area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply ischemia local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction murmur abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when hypotension standing up suddenly Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats plaque yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis regurgitation to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary sphygmomanometer stent stethoscope blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen instrument for listening to body sounds Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology angina pectoris severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and arrhythmia others are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling bundle down bundle branches; results in ventricles branch block beating at different rate than atria; also (BBB) called heart block Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital hole, present at birth, in heart septum; septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and (CSD) deoxygenated blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema poor blood supply to heart muscle due to coronary artery obstruction of coronary arteries; may disease (CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack endocarditis inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology fibrillation flutter heart valve prolapse heart valve stenosis extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac tetralogy of Fallot combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial arteriosclerosis walls; often due to atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis lipid plaques form in arterial wall Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (Co. A) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) hypotension patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology thrombophlebitis inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests cardiac enzymes serum lipoprotein level blood test determines level of enzymes specific to heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging angiography X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel nuclear medicine scan using radioactive cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood Doppler vessels in order to determine ultrasonography velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses use of ultrasound to visualize internal echocardiography cardiac structures; especially valves X-ray of veins; used to identify a venography thrombus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiac Function Tests cardiac catheterization catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart process of recording electrical electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose (ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiac Function Tests Holter monitor portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a stress testing steadily increasing work load; EKC and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures procedure to restore cardiac output cardiopulmonary and oxygenate air for person in cardiac resuscitation arrest; uses chest compressions and (CPR) artificial respiration defibrillation procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures implantable cardioverterdefibrillator pacemaker implantation device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker; especially helpful for bradycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology ACE inhibitor drugs produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure Lotensin, Capoten reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor, antiarrhythmic arrhythmias Corvert anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation Warfarin, Coumadin antilipidemic reduces blood cholesterol level Lipitor, Zocor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology Betablocker lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris Calcium channel blocker decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina Cardizem, pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia failure Lopressor, Inderal increases force of heart cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive heart failure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Lanoxin Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology diuretic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure Lasix thrombolytic dissolves existing blood clot Plavix, Activase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology contracts smooth muscle in vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure vasodilator relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Aramine Nitro-Dur, Vasodilan Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.