Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 4 Musculoskeletal

Multimedia Directory Slide 30 Slide 61 Slide 78 Slide 91 Slide 98 Slide 103

Multimedia Directory Continued Slide 152 Slide 153 Slide 154 Slide 162 Slide 165 Slide

Skeletal System at a Glance l Functions of Skeletal System l l l Internal

Skeletal System at a Glance l Organs of Skeletal System l l Bones of

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l ankyl/o arthr/o articul/o burs/o carp/o Cervic/o stiff

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l chondr/o clavicul/o coccyg/o cortic/o cost/o crani/o cartilage

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o kyph/o femur

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l lamin/o lord/o lumb/o mandibul/o maxill/o medull/o lamina,

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l metacarp/o metatars/o myel/o orth/o oste/o patell/o metacarpals

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l ped/o pelv/o phalang/o pod/o pub/o radi/o foot

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l sacr/o scapul/o scoli/o spondyl/o stern/o synovi/o sacrum

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l synov/o tars/o thorac/o tibi/o uln/o vertebr/o synovial

Skeletal System Suffixes l l l –blast –clasia –desis –listhesis –porosis immature, embryonic to

Anatomy and Physiology Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Anatomy and Physiology Red bone marrow within bones produces blood cells l Bones also:

Anatomy and Physiology l Joint l l l Place where two bones meet Held

Bones Also called osseous tissue l One of hardest materials in body l Formed

Bones Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells) l In adult

Four Shapes of Bones Long bones Short bones Irregular Flat bones Longer than wide

Figure 4. 1 – Classification of bones by shape. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

Long Bones Majority of bones in body l Divided into: l l l Diaphysis

Diaphysis Central shaft l Medullary cavity l l l Open canal within diaphysis Contains

Epiphysis l Wide ends of long bone l l l Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis

Periosteum Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage l Thin connective tissue

Compact Bone Also called cortical bone l Very dense and hard l Outer layer

Cancellous Bone Also called spongy bone l Found inside bone l Has spaces containing

Figure 4. 2 – Components of a long bone. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

Bone Structure Exercise Click here to review long bone structure with a labeling activity.

Bony Processes Projection from the surface of a bone l Rough processes provide place

Common Bony Processes Head Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone Condyle Smooth

Figure 4. 3 – Bony processes found on the femur. Medical Terminology: A Living

Bony Depressions l Sinus l l Foramen l l Smooth opening for nerves and

The Skeleton l Skeleton has two divisions l l Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Medical

Axial Skeleton l Includes bones in: l l l Head Neck Spine Chest Trunk

Figure 4. 4 – Bones of the axial skeleton. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

The Skull l Is divided into two parts l l Cranium Facial bones Protects

Cranium l Frontal – 1 l l Parietal – 2 l l Forehead Upper

Cranium l Ethmoid – 1 l l Sphenoid – 1 l l Part of

Figure 4. 5 – Bones of the skull. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth

Facial Bones l Mandible – 1 l l Maxilla – 1 l l Upper

Facial Bones l Palatine – 1 l l Nasal – 2 l l Hard

Hyoid Bone Single U-shaped bone l In neck between mandible and larynx l Attachment

The Trunk Vertebral column l Sternum l Rib cage l Medical Terminology: A Living

The Vertebral Column l Divided into five sections l l l Cervical Thoracic Lumbar

The Vertebral Column l Cervical l l 7 vertebrae of neck 12 vertebrae of

Figure 4. 6 – Divisions of the vertebral column. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

The Rib Cage 12 pairs of ribs l Attached to vertebral column at back

The Rib Cage l True ribs l l 10 pairs attached to sternum in

Figure 4. 7 – The structure of the rib cage. Medical Terminology: A Living

Appendicular Skeleton l Includes bones of: l l Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle

Figure 4. 8 – Bones of the appendicular skeleton. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

Pectoral Girdle Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton l Articulates with: l l Sternum

Upper Extremity Arm l Consists of: l l l l Humerus – upper arm

Figure 4. 9 – Anatomical and common names for the pectoral girdle and upper

Pelvic Girdle Also called os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone l Attaches lower extremity

Lower Extremity Leg l Consists of: l l l l Femur – thigh bone

Figure 4. 10 – Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower

Skeletal Bones Exercise Click here to review the bones of the skeleton with a

Joints Formed where two bones meet l Also called an articulation l Three types

Synovial Joints Freely moving joints l Most common type of joint l Example is

Synovial Joints Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule l Contains synovial fluid l l

Figure 4. 12 – Structure of a synovial joint. Medical Terminology: A Living Language,

Cartilaginous Joints Allow slight movement l Hold bones firmly in place by solid piece

Fibrous Joints Allow almost no movement l Joined by thick fibrous tissue l Example

Figure 4. 11 – Examples of three types of joints found in the body.

Word Building with arthr/o –algia arthralgia joint pain –centesis arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o –ectomy bursectomy surgical removal of bursa –itis bursitis

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o –al cortical pertaining to the outer portion intra–

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o –ary medullary pertaining to the inner portion –oma

Word Building with oste/o –algia ostealgia bone pain chondr/o –oma osteochondroma bone and cartilage

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o synovitis inflammation of synovial membrane –ectomy synovectomy surgical

Adjective Forms of Bone Names iliac ilium ischial carpus metacarpal metacarpus cervical neck metatarsal

Adjective Forms of Bone Names tibial tibia ulnar ulna clavicular clavicle maxillary maxilla fibular

Skeletal System Vocabulary callus cast chiropractic crepitation exostosis mass of bone tissue that forms

Chiropractic Medicine Video Click here to view a video on chiropractic medicine. Medical Terminology:

Skeletal System Vocabulary kyphosis lordosis abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback abnormal

Figure 4. 13 – Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Medical Terminology: A

Skeletal System Vocabulary podiatry prosthesis profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of

$Fractures closed fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture Colles’ fracture$

$Figure 4. 14 – A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple) fractures.$

$Figure 4. 15 – Colles’ fracture. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Medical Terminology: A Living$

$Fractures fracture (FX, Fx) broken bone incomplete break; one side of bone greenstick fracture$

$Figure 4. 16 – X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus. (Charles Stewart and$

$Fractures pathologic fracture spiral fracture stress fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone fracture$

$Figure 4. 17 – X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius. (James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo$

Bone Pathologies Ewing’s sarcoma osteogenic sarcoma osteomalacia cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones;

Bone Pathologies osteoporosis Paget’s disease rickets decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and

Osteoporosis Video Click here to view a video on osteoporosis. Medical Terminology: A Living

Spinal Column Pathologies herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening

Figure 4. 18 – Color enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image demonstrating a herniated

Spinal Column Pathology narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves

Joint Pathology bunion inflammation of bursa at base of great toe dislocation bones in

Figure 4. 19 – Patient with typical rheumatoid arthritis contractures. (Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,

Arthritis Video Click here to view a video on arthritis. Medical Terminology: A Living

Skeletal System Pathology sprain damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching; no dislocation

Diagnostic Imaging arthrography visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint bone

Diagnostic Imaging Study of spinal column after injecting myelography opaque contrast medium; useful for

Endoscopic Procedures arthroscopy Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view

Arthroscopy Video Click here to view a video on arthroscopy. Medical Terminology: A Living

Surgical Procedures amputation arthroscopic surgery bone graft removal of a limb for reasons like

Surgical Procedures bunionectomy removal of bursa at base of great toe laminectomy removal of

Surgical Procedures spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae total hip implanting a prosthetic

$Fracture Care fixation reduction traction stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes casts$

Figure 4. 20 – Prosthetic hip joint. (Lawrence Livermore National Library/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,

Skeletal System Pharmacology reduce the bone reabsorption of bone; reabsorption Fosamax, Boniva treats osteoporosis

Skeletal System Pharmacology corticosteroids have strong antiinflammatory properties; treat rheumatoid arthritis nonsteroidal provide mild

Skeletal System Abbreviations AE above elbow AK above knee BDT bone density testing BE

Skeletal System Abbreviations Ca calcium DJD degenerative joint disease DXA dual-energy absorptiometry FX, Fx

Skeletal System Abbreviations L 1, L 2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, etc. LE lower

Skeletal System Abbreviations Orth, orthopedics RA rheumatoid arthritis RLE right lower extremity RUE right

Skeletal System Abbreviations THR total hip replacement TKA total knee arthroplasty TKR total knee

Slides: 114

Download presentation

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 4 Musculoskeletal System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 30 Slide 61 Slide 78 Slide 91 Slide 98 Slide 103 Slide 124 Slide 138 Slide 141 Slide 143 Slide 145 Slide 148 Slide 150 Bone Structure Exercise Skeletal Bones Exercise Chiropractic Medicine Video Osteoporosis Video Arthritis Video Arthroscopy Video Muscles Animation Joint Movement Animation Humerus Adduction/Abduction Animation Elbow Flexion/Extension Animation Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Animation Ankle Inversion and Eversion Animation Elbow Pronation and Supination Animation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Continued Slide 152 Slide 153 Slide 154 Slide 162 Slide 165 Slide 167 Humerus Circumduction Animation Hand Opposition Animation Humerus Rotation Animation Muscle Atrophy Video Muscular Dystrophy Video Carpal Tunnel Video Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System at a Glance l Functions of Skeletal System l l l Internal framework of body Supports body Protects internal organs Point of attachment for muscles Produces blood cells Stores minerals Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System at a Glance l Organs of Skeletal System l l Bones of the skeleton Joints Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l ankyl/o arthr/o articul/o burs/o carp/o Cervic/o stiff joint sac wrist neck * Study bold key word parts Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l chondr/o clavicul/o coccyg/o cortic/o cost/o crani/o cartilage clavicle coccyx outer portion rib skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o kyph/o femur fibula humerus ilium ischium hump Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l lamin/o lord/o lumb/o mandibul/o maxill/o medull/o lamina, part of vertebra bent backwards loin mandible maxilla inner portion Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l metacarp/o metatars/o myel/o orth/o oste/o patell/o metacarpals metatarsals bone marrow straight bone patella Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l ped/o pelv/o phalang/o pod/o pub/o radi/o foot pelvis phalanges foot pubis radius Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l sacr/o scapul/o scoli/o spondyl/o stern/o synovi/o sacrum scapula crooked, bent vertebrae sternum synovial membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Combining Forms l l l synov/o tars/o thorac/o tibi/o uln/o vertebr/o synovial membrane ankle chest tibia ulna vertebra Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Suffixes l l l –blast –clasia –desis –listhesis –porosis immature, embryonic to break surgically stabilize, fuse slipping porous Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels l Bones are connected to each other to form skeleton l l l Framework for the body 206 bones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology Red bone marrow within bones produces blood cells l Bones also: l l l Protect vital organs Store minerals Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology l Joint l l l Place where two bones meet Held together by ligaments Gives flexibility to skeleton Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bones Also called osseous tissue l One of hardest materials in body l Formed from gradual process before birth called ossification l Fetal skeleton is formed from a cartilage model l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bones Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells) l In adult bones osteoblasts mature into osteocytes l Formation of strong bones dependant on adequate supply of minerals l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Four Shapes of Bones Long bones Short bones Irregular Flat bones Longer than wide Roughly as Platelong as wide shaped Shape very irregular Example: l femur l humerus Example: l carpals l tarsals Example: l vertebrae Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Example: l sternum l scapula l pelvis Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 1 – Classification of bones by shape. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Long Bones Majority of bones in body l Divided into: l l l Diaphysis Epiphysis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diaphysis Central shaft l Medullary cavity l l l Open canal within diaphysis Contains yellow bone marrow l Mostly fat Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Epiphysis l Wide ends of long bone l l l Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis Articular cartilage l l Covers epiphysis Prevents bone rubbing on bone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Periosteum Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage l Thin connective tissue membrane l Contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Compact Bone Also called cortical bone l Very dense and hard l Outer layer of bone l Found in both epiphysis and diaphysis l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cancellous Bone Also called spongy bone l Found inside bone l Has spaces containing red bone marrow l l Manufactures blood cells Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 2 – Components of a long bone. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bone Structure Exercise Click here to review long bone structure with a labeling activity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bony Processes Projection from the surface of a bone l Rough processes provide place for muscle attachment l Smooth rounded processes articulate with another bone in a joint l Named for shape and location l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Common Bony Processes Head Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone Condyle Smooth rounded portion at end of bone Epicondyle Projection above or on a condyle Trochanter Large rough process Tubercle Small rough process Tuberosity Large rough process Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 3 – Bony processes found on the femur. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bony Depressions l Sinus l l Foramen l l Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels Fossa l l Hollow cavity within bone Shallow cavity or depression within a bone Fissure l Deep groove or slit-like opening Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Skeleton l Skeleton has two divisions l l Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Axial Skeleton l Includes bones in: l l l Head Neck Spine Chest Trunk Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 4 – Bones of the axial skeleton. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Skull l Is divided into two parts l l Cranium Facial bones Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity l Attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cranium l Frontal – 1 l l Parietal – 2 l l Forehead Upper sides and roof of skull Temporal – 2 l Sides & base of skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cranium l Ethmoid – 1 l l Sphenoid – 1 l l Part of eye orbit, nose, & floor of skull Part of floor of skull Occipital – 1 l Back & base of skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 5 – Bones of the skull. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Facial Bones l Mandible – 1 l l Maxilla – 1 l l Upper jawbone Zygomatic – 2 l l Lower jawbone Cheek bones Vomer – 1 l Part of nasal septum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Facial Bones l Palatine – 1 l l Nasal – 2 l l Hard palate and floor of nose Part of nasal septum and bridge of nose Lacrimal – 2 l Inner corner of eye Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hyoid Bone Single U-shaped bone l In neck between mandible and larynx l Attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Trunk Vertebral column l Sternum l Rib cage l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Vertebral Column l Divided into five sections l l l Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Vertebral Column l Cervical l l 7 vertebrae of neck 12 vertebrae of chest Lumbar l 5 vertebrae of low back Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Sacrum l Thoracic l l 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine Coccyx l 3– 5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 6 – Divisions of the vertebral column. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Rib Cage 12 pairs of ribs l Attached to vertebral column at back l Provides support for organs, such as heart and lungs l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The Rib Cage l True ribs l l 10 pairs attached to sternum in front Floating ribs l l Inferior 2 pairs No attachment in front Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 7 – The structure of the rib cage. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Appendicular Skeleton l Includes bones of: l l Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 8 – Bones of the appendicular skeleton. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pectoral Girdle Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton l Articulates with: l l Sternum anteriorly Vertebral column posteriorly Consists of: l l Clavicle – collar bone Scapula – shoulder blade Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Upper Extremity Arm l Consists of: l l l l Humerus – upper arm Ulna – part of forearm Radius – part of forearm Carpals – wrist bones Metacarpals – hand bones Phalanges – finger bones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 9 – Anatomical and common names for the pectoral girdle and upper extremity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pelvic Girdle Also called os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone l Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton l Articulates with sacrum posteriorly l Consists of: l l Ilium Ischium Pubis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Lower Extremity Leg l Consists of: l l l l Femur – thigh bone Patella – knee cap Tibia – shin bone Fibula – lower leg bone Tarsals – ankle bones Metatarsals – foot bones Phalanges – toe bones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 10 – Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower extremity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones Exercise Click here to review the bones of the skeleton with a labeling activity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Joints Formed where two bones meet l Also called an articulation l Three types based on movement allowed between the 2 bones: l l Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Synovial Joints Freely moving joints l Most common type of joint l Example is ball-and-socket joint l Bones held together by ligaments l l l Strong bands of connective tissue Some contain a bursa l Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Synovial Joints Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule l Contains synovial fluid l l l Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 12 – Structure of a synovial joint. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cartilaginous Joints Allow slight movement l Hold bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage l Example l l Pubic symphysis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Fibrous Joints Allow almost no movement l Joined by thick fibrous tissue l Example l l Sutures of the skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 11 – Examples of three types of joints found in the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with arthr/o –algia arthralgia joint pain –centesis arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid from joint –clasia arthroclasia surgically break a joint –desis arthrodesis fusion of a joint –gram arthrogram record of a joint –itis arthritis joint inflammation –otomy arthrotomy incision into a joint –scope arthroscope instrument to view joint Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o –ectomy bursectomy surgical removal of bursa –itis bursitis inflammation of bursa –ectomy chondrectomy surgical removal of cartilage –malacia chondromalacia softening of cartilage –oma chondroma cartilage tumor –plasty chondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o –al cortical pertaining to the outer portion intra– –al intracranial pertaining to inside the skull –otomy craniotomy incision into the skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o –ary medullary pertaining to the inner portion –oma myeloma red bone marrow tumor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with oste/o –algia ostealgia bone pain chondr/o –oma osteochondroma bone and cartilage tumor –clasia osteoclasia surgically break a bone myel/o –itis osteomyelitis bone and bone marrow inflammation –otomy osteotomy incision into bone –pathy osteopathy bone disease –tome osteotome instrument to cut bone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o synovitis inflammation of synovial membrane –ectomy synovectomy surgical removal of synovial membrane inter– –al intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae –itis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Adjective Forms of Bone Names iliac ilium ischial carpus metacarpal metacarpus cervical neck metatarsal metatarsus costal rib radial radius cranial cranium sacral sacrum femoral femur sternal sternum humeral humerus tarsal tarsus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht ischium Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Adjective Forms of Bone Names tibial tibia ulnar ulna clavicular clavicle maxillary maxilla fibular fibula coccygeal coccyx lumbar low back phalangeal phalanges mandibular mandible pelvic pelvis patellar patella pubic pubis scapular scapula thoracic thorax Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Vocabulary callus cast chiropractic crepitation exostosis mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass practice of treating patients using manipulations of vertebral column; practitioner is a chiropractor noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together bone spur Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Chiropractic Medicine Video Click here to view a video on chiropractic medicine. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Vocabulary kyphosis lordosis abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis orthopedics and treatment of musculoskeletal system; physician is an orthopedist brace or splint used to prevent or correct orthotic deformities; specialist in making is an orthotist Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 13 – Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Vocabulary podiatry prosthesis profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of feet and lower leg; practitioner is a podiatrist artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part profession specializing in making prosthetics prostheses; specialist in making is a prosthetist Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Fractures closed fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture Colles’ fracture$

Fractures closed fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture Colles’ fracture common wrist fracture comminuted fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed compound fracture compression fracture with an open skin wound; also called open fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Figure 4. 14 – A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple) fractures.$

Figure 4. 14 – A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple) fractures. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Figure 4. 15 – Colles’ fracture. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Medical Terminology: A Living$

Figure 4. 15 – Colles’ fracture. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Fractures fracture (FX, Fx) broken bone incomplete break; one side of bone greenstick fracture$

Fractures fracture (FX, Fx) broken bone incomplete break; one side of bone greenstick fracture is broken, the other is bent; common in children bone fragments are pushed into impacted fracture each other oblique fracture at an angle to bone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Figure 4. 16 – X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus. (Charles Stewart and$

Figure 4. 16 – X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Fractures pathologic fracture spiral fracture stress fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone fracture$

Fractures pathologic fracture spiral fracture stress fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running transverse fracture is straight across bone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Figure 4. 17 – X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius. (James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo$

Figure 4. 17 – X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius. (James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bone Pathologies Ewing’s sarcoma osteogenic sarcoma osteomalacia cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children with insufficient sunlight and vitamin D Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Bone Pathologies osteoporosis Paget’s disease rickets decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of bones; porous bone easily fractures metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed legs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Osteoporosis Video Click here to view a video on osteoporosis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Spinal Column Pathologies herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk scoliosis lateral curve of spine spina bifida congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord ankylosing spondylitis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 18 – Color enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image demonstrating a herniated nucleus pulposus putting pressure on the spinal cord (see arrows). Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Spinal Column Pathology narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves forward sliding of lumbar vertebra spondylolisthesis over vertebra below it spinal stenosis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Joint Pathology bunion inflammation of bursa at base of great toe dislocation bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment osteoarthritis results in degeneration of bone and joints; (OA) bone rubs against bone autoimmune inflammation of joints with rheumatoid swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint arthritis (RA) deformities Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 19 – Patient with typical rheumatoid arthritis contractures. (Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Arthritis Video Click here to view a video on arthritis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Pathology sprain damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture subluxation incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact systemic lupus autoimmune disease of connective erythematosus tissue affecting many systems including (SLE) joints; looks like rheumatoid arthritis congenital deformity of ankle talipes misalignment; clubfoot Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging arthrography visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint bone scan nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastases dual-energy measures bone density using low dose absorptiometry X-ray; detects osteoporosis (DXA) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging Study of spinal column after injecting myelography opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus uses X-rays to study internal structure of radiography body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endoscopic Procedures arthroscopy Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of joint interior appears on monitor during procedure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Arthroscopy Video Click here to view a video on arthroscopy. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures amputation arthroscopic surgery bone graft removal of a limb for reasons like tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint bone from another source used to replace boney defect in another location Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures bunionectomy removal of bursa at base of great toe laminectomy removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve percutaneous diskectomy tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae total hip implanting a prosthetic hip joint arthroplasty (THA) total knee implanting a prosthetic knee joint arthroplasty (TKA) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

$Fracture Care fixation reduction traction stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes casts$

Fracture Care fixation reduction traction stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and screws realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction is manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 4. 20 – Prosthetic hip joint. (Lawrence Livermore National Library/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Pharmacology reduce the bone reabsorption of bone; reabsorption Fosamax, Boniva treats osteoporosis inhibitors and Paget’s disease calcium supplements that supplements maintain bone density; Oystercal, Cal & Vitamin D treats osteomalacia, -Citrate supplements osteoporosis, & rickets Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Pharmacology corticosteroids have strong antiinflammatory properties; treat rheumatoid arthritis nonsteroidal provide mild pain relief antiand anti-inflammatory benefits; treat arthritis drugs (NSAIDs) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht prednisone, Medrol, Decadron Advil, Motrin, Aleve, Aspirin Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Abbreviations AE above elbow AK above knee BDT bone density testing BE below elbow BK below knee BMD bone mineral density C 1, C 2, etc. first cervical vertebra, etc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Abbreviations Ca calcium DJD degenerative joint disease DXA dual-energy absorptiometry FX, Fx fracture HNP herniated nucleus pulposus JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Abbreviations L 1, L 2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, etc. LE lower extremity LLE left lower extremity LUE left upper extremity NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug OA osteoarthritis ORIF open reduction – internal fixation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Abbreviations Orth, orthopedics RA rheumatoid arthritis RLE right lower extremity RUE right upper extremity SLE systemic lupus erythematosus T 1, T 2, etc. first thoracic vertebra, etc. THA total hip arthroplasty Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Skeletal System Abbreviations THR total hip replacement TKA total knee arthroplasty TKR total knee replacement UE upper extremity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.