Medical Terminology A Living Language Cardiovascular System Medical

Medical Terminology A Living Language Cardiovascular System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System at a Glance l Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System l l l Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System at a Glance l Organs of Cardiovascular System l l Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o vessel aorta artery fatty substance atrium heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l coron/o hemangi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o heart blood vessel vein pulse chest clot Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms l l l valv/o valvul/o vascul/o vas/o ventricul/o valve blood vessel, duct vein ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System Suffixes –manometer l –ole l –tension l –ule l instrument to measure pressure small Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with angi/o –gram angiogram record of a vessel –itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel –plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel –spasm angiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel –stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o –ic aortic pertaining to the aorta –al arterial pertaining to an artery –ole arteriole small artery –rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with ather/o & atri/o atherectomy surgical removal of fatty substance –oma atheroma fatty substance tumor/growth –al atrial pertaining to the atrium –ectomy inter– –al interatrial Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between the atrium Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with cardi/o –ac cardiac brady– –ia bradycardia pertaining to the heart state of slow heart electr/o –gram record of heart’s electrocardiogram electricity –megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart my/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle –ologist cardiologist heart specialist –rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy– –ia tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht state of fast heart Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o –ary coronary pertaining to the heart –itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein –ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o –plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve –itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve –ar valvular pertaining to a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –ous venous pertaining to veins –ule venule small vein –gram venogram record of a vein –ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles inter– –ar interventricular Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between ventricles Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary auscultation cardiology catheter listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary infarct area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply ischemia local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction murmur abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when hypotension standing up suddenly Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats plaque yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis regurgitation to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Vocabulary sphygmomanometer stent stethoscope blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen instrument for listening to body sounds Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 13 – Using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 14 – A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology angina pectoris severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and arrhythmia others are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling bundle down bundle branches; results in ventricles branch block beating at different rate than atria; also (BBB) called heart block Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital hole, present at birth, in heart septum; septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and (CSD) deoxygenated blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema poor blood supply to heart muscle due to coronary artery obstruction of coronary arteries; may disease (CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack endocarditis inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology fibrillation flutter heart valve prolapse heart valve stenosis extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Heart Pathology myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac tetralogy of Fallot combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 16 – External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial arteriosclerosis walls; often due to atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis lipid plaques form in arterial wall Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (Co. A) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) hypotension patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood vascular vessel outside the heart; symptoms may disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries Raynaud’s phenomenon periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood Vessel Pathology thrombophlebitis inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests cardiac enzymes serum lipoprotein level blood test determines level of enzymes specific to heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging angiography X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel nuclear medicine scan using radioactive cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood Doppler vessels in order to determine ultrasonography velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses use of ultrasound to visualize internal echocardiography cardiac structures; especially valves X-ray of veins; used to identify a venography thrombus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiac Function Tests cardiac catheterization catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart process of recording electrical electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose (ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiac Function Tests Holter monitor portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a stress testing steadily increasing work load; EKC and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 20 – Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/Photo. Edit Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures procedure to restore cardiac output cardiopulmonary and oxygenate air for person in cardiac resuscitation arrest; uses chest compressions and (CPR) artificial respiration defibrillation procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 21 – An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures implantable cardioverterdefibrillator pacemaker implantation device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker; especially helpful for bradycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc. –Stone Allstock) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Procedures thrombolytic therapy use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Procedures percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel valve replacement removal of diseased valve and replacement with an artificial valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 5. 23 – Balloon angioplasty. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology ACE inhibitor drugs produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure Lotensin, Capoten reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor, antiarrhythmic arrhythmias Corvert anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation Warfarin, Coumadin antilipidemic reduces blood cholesterol level Lipitor, Zocor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology Betablocker lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris Calcium channel blocker decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina Cardizem, pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia failure Lopressor, Inderal increases force of heart cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive heart failure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Lanoxin Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology diuretic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure Lasix thrombolytic dissolves existing blood clot Plavix, Activase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology contracts smooth muscle in vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure vasodilator relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Aramine Nitro-Dur, Vasodilan Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations AFB atrial fibrillation AMI acute myocardial infarction AS arteriosclerosis ASD atrial septal defect ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease AV, A-V atrioventricular BBB bundle branch block BP blood pressure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations bpm beats per minute CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAD coronary artery disease catheterization CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint CCU coronary care unit CHF congestive heart failure Co. A coarctation of the aorta Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations CP chest pain CPK creatine phosphokinase CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CSD congenital septal defect CV cardiovascular DVT deep vein thrombosis ECC extracorporeal circulation ECG, EKG electrocardiogram Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations ECHO echocardiogram GOT glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase HTN hypertension ICU intensive care unit IV intravenous LDH lactate dehydrogenase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations LVAD left ventricular assist device LVH left ventricular hypertrophy MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency mm. Hg millimeters of mercury MR mitral regurgitation MS mitral stenosis MVP mitral valve prolapse Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations P pulse PAC premature atrial contraction PDA patent ductus arteriosus PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PVC premature ventricular contraction S 1 first heart sound S 2 second heart sound Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Abbreviations SA, S-A sinoatrial SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase SK streptokinase t. PA tissue-type plasminogen activator Vfib ventricular fibrillation VSD ventricular septal defect VT ventricular tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.