Medical Grandrounds Kathleen B Miranda M D Medical
Medical Grandrounds Kathleen B. Miranda, M. D. Medical Resident February 5, 2009 1
Objectives To present a case of perinephric abscess To discuss the etiology, predisposing factors, complications, and management of perinephric abscess 2
Identifying Data A. A. 52/female Single 3
Chief Complaint Abdominal Enlargement 4
History of Present Illness 3 days PTA enlarging abdomen with palpable mass over the right flank area vague abdominal pain no fever, dysuria, hematuria no trauma anorexia 5
History of Present Illness Consult CT scan of the abdomen done revealing presence of right perinephric and pararenal abscess formation Admission 6
Impression 8/7: CT Scan of Whole Abdomen • Right hydronephrosis with pyelonephritis • Presence of perinephric and pararenal abscess formation noted • Emphysematous cystitis • Ileus • Contracted gallbladder • Atherosclerotic aorta and common iliac arteries 7
Review of Systems • Skin: (-) pruritus, (-) rashes, (-) easy bruising, (-) telangestasia, (-) spiderangiomatas HEENT: (-) headache, (-) dizziness, (-) BOV, ( -) eye redness, (-) colds, (-) epistaxis, (-) deafness, (-) ear discharge, (-) bleeding gums, (-) oral sores, (-) hoarseness, (-) neck pain, (-) limitation of motion 8
Review of Systems Respiratory: (-) cough, (-) DOB, (-) hemoptysis Cardiovascular: (-) chest pain, (-) palpitations, (-) orthopnea, (-) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Gastrointestinal: (-) dysphagia, (+) early satiety, (-) jaundice, (-) nausea, (-) vomiting, (-) hematemesis, (+) constipation, (-) diarrhea 9
Review of Systems Extremities: (-) joint pains, (-) swelling Neurologic: (-) seizures, (-) tremors, (-) involuntary movement Endocrinologic: (-) polyphagia, (-) polyuria, ( -) polydipsia 10
Past Medical History Chronic schizophrenia, paranoid type since her college years and maintained on Clozapine (Leponex) and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Diabetes mellitus type 2 since 2000 currently on Glimepiride 2 mg (1/2 -0 -0) prior to admission. Home monitoring of blood sugar at 98 -135 mg% pre-breakfast. 11
Family History (+) Hypertension- mother (+) Diabetes Mellitus- mother (-) Heart disease, psychiatric disorders, kidney disease, thyroid disease 12
Social History Non-smoker Non alcoholic beverage drinker College undergraduate Unemployed 13
Physical Examination Drowsy, not in cardiorespiratory distress, wheelchair-borne BP= 80/50 -->90/60 HR=105 RR=21 T=36. 7 C Wt=59 kg Ht=160 cm BMI=23 Pale palpebral conjunctivae, anicteric sclerae, no tonsillopharyngeal congestion, no cervical lymphadenopathy Equal chest expansion, clear breath sounds, no crackles, no wheezes 14
Physical Examination Adynamic precordium, tachycardic, regular rhythm, distinct S 1 and S 2, no appreciated murmurs Globularly distended abdomen, normoactive bowel sounds, ill-defined mass on deep palpation on the right lumbar region, (+) tenderness No gross deformities of the extremities, grade II pedal edema, right, decreased pulse on right, no cyanosis, no tenderness, 15
Salient Features 52/F Diabetic Schizophrenic Enlarged abdomen Drowsy Tachycardic Pale palpebral conjuctivae (+) tenderness on right lumbar region Decreased pulse on right extremity Grade II pedal edema, right 16
Initial Impression 1. Urosepsis secondary to Acute Pyelonephritis, Perinephric Abscess 2. Peripheral vascular disease, right leg 3. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 4. Chronic Schizophrenia 17
Problem#1 UROSEPSIS 18
At the ER Drowsy Hypotension: BP 80/50 Tachycardic: 105 bpm Blood WBC: 17. 73 x 103/L, segmenters 0. 87 Urinalysis: bacterial 44, 208/hpf 19
8/7 8/11 8/13 8/19 8/24 8/28 NV Hgb 8. 5 7. 3 9. 10 12. 5 11. 5 12. 315. 3 Hct 27. 5 24. 5 29. 8 39. 5 39. 8 38. 4 35. 944. 6 RBC 3. 55 3. 06 3. 64 4. 76 4. 74 38. 4 4. 5 -5. 1 WBC 17. 73 17. 65 18. 57 9. 58 14. 36 18. 63 4. 411. 0 Eos 1. 0 Stabs 2. 0 0 -4 2. 0 0. 0 Mye 2. 0 3. 0 1. 0 2. 0 Meta 2. 0 1. 0 Seg 87 83 89 84 84 83 40 -70 Lymp 4. 0 7. 0 5. 0 11 10 9. 0 22 -43 Mono 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 0 -7 Plt 172 178 300 324 318 372 150450 20
At the ER Hypotension: BP 80/50, px noted drowsy Tachycardic: 105 bpm Blood WBC: 17. 73 x 103/L, segmenters 0. 87 Urinalysis: bacterial 44, 208/hpf 21
Urinalysis 8/7 8/21 Physical and Chemical Color Yellow Transparency Cloudy Clear 7. 5 6. 5 4. 8 -7. 8 1. 010 -1. 025 Negative Protein +2 Negative Ketones Negative Nitrites Negative Leucocytes Esterase Negative Trace Negative +3 +2 Negative RBC 7 1 0 -2 WBC 4 4 0 -3 10 1 0 -3 44208 1 0 -50 p. H Reaction Specific Gravity Sugar Blood Epithelial Cells Bacteria Normal Value 22
At the ER Ø IVF: PNSS 1 L , 200 ml fast drip then regulated 120 ml/hr Ø Diagnostics: Na, K, crea, CBG, blood CS, urine CS Ø Therapeutics: Ertapenem 1 g IV q 24 Amikacin 500 mg IV x 1 dose Ø Referred to Nephrology, Psychiatry 23
8/7 8/9 8/10 8/11 8/13 8/14 8/28 NV Na 120 136 141 145 147 137 140 136 -145 K 3. 7 2. 8 3. 3 4. 0 3. 6 3. 5 -5. 1 0. 80 0. 90 0. 6 -1. 0 BUN 23 Crea 1. 5 Alb 1. 4 0. 6 3. 4 -5. 0 ALT 42 RBS 135 Urine Na 9. 0 Urine Os 356 Urine crea 47 30 -65 250 -900 24
2 nd HD Still with febrile episodes Urine CS: E. coli 100, 000 cfu/ml and Grp B Streptococci (Enterococci) 100, 000 cfu/ml Ø Tx: Clindamycin 300 mg/tab, 1 tab q 8 Episodes of decreased urine output Ø Foley catheter inserted Ø Furosemide 40 mg tablet, ½ tablet once daily 25
E. coli 100, 000 cfu/ml • Grp B Streptococci (Enterococci) 100, 000 cfu/ml • Sensitive: Amikacin, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefuroxime, TMP/SMX, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Penicillin, Ertapenem, Ciprofloxacin 8/7: Urine CS • 8/9: Blood CS • No growth after 5 days of incubation 8/11: Urine CS • C. albicans >100, 000 cfu/ml 26
6 th HD Still moderate-grade fever Abdomen still distended Referred to Urology service for planned nephrectomy Ø Piperacillin tazobactam 4. 5 g IV infusion for 8 hours every 8 hours 27
7 th HD Right renal exploration, evacuation of perineprhic abscess, and right nephrectomy under GA Impression 8/14: Right kidney & ureter histopathology • Nephrolithiasis with acute and chronic pyeloneprhitis • Chronic ureteritis 28
Impression 8/14: Right Perirenal abscess CS • Light growth of E. Coli • Sensitive: Amikacin, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefuroxime, TMP/SMX, Ampicillin, Ertapenem, Ciprofloxacin 8/14: Peri-renal abscess AFB Concentration • No acid fast bacilli seen 29
30
31
15 th HD Ertapenem (day 7) was discontinued and started on Cefixime 200 mg capsule once a day and Clindamycin 300 mg 3 times a day 32
Problem# 2 Peripheral Vascular Disease 33
3 rd HD Right foot noted cyanotic and cold Ø Compression stockings and warm blanket Ø PT and PTT Ø Heparin drip 24, 000 units in D 5 W 250 ml at 1, 000 units/hr 34
35
36
37
8/11 8/22 8/23 8/24 8/25 8/26 8/27 8/28 34. 6 34. 2 PTT px 26. 4 122. 2 33. 5 36. 2 89. 9 47. 0 38. 2 PTT cont 28. 4 28. 1 28. 4 29. 0 29. 7 28. 5 28. 2 28. 3 PT px 13. 6 13. 0 50. 9 17. 2 12. 7 14. 3 PT Act 69. 1 74. 4 12. 8 48. 1 79. 4 63. 7 PT cont 11. 7 PT INR 1. 16 1. 1 4. 44 1. 47 1. 08 1. 22 30. 2 NV 25. 133. 9 10. 613. 3 38
5 th HD • Referral to Vascular Surgery Impression 8/12: Color Doppler of Deep Veins, both lower extremities • No demonstrable thrombosis in this study 8/12: Color Doppler of Arteries, both lower extremities • Normal studies of the arteries • Low velocity monophasic flow in the right, with no flow in the deep femoral artery and calf arteries 39
8/12: MRI of Whole Abdomen • Primary consideration is a renal abscess with extension to perinephric space & right abdominal wall with involvement of the right iliacus muscle • Foci of increased susceptibility within the right kidney may represent calcifications • Intestinal ileus • Normal findings of liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, left kidney, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder 40
Impression 8/12: MRA of Abdominal Aorta & Lower Peripheral Vessels • Intimal irregularities in abdominal aorta due to atherosclerotic disease. The aortic bifurcation occurs at a normal level with no evidence of narrowing or aneurysm • Single patent renal arteries both sides showing normal caliber • The common, internal, and external iliac arteries are normaly visualized. There is 1. 1 cm filling defect seen in the proximal segment of the right common iliac artery. Thrombus formation is considered. • Both common femoral arteries have normal calibers, smooth walls and course, caliber, and distribution • The superficial femoral arteries appears normal, especially within the adductor canal • The popliteal arteries shows normal course and no irregularities in its caliber • Faint flow signals noted in right posterior tibial artery. The right anterior tibial & peroneal arteries are normal in course and caliber • The left posterior tibial, anterior tibial and peroneal arteries are normal in course and caliber 41
10 th HD 3 rd post-nephrectomy day No febrile episodes Noted progression of the cyanosis of right foot from the initial 1 st digit further to the plantar forefoot area Ø Heparin drip was increased to 1, 100 units per hour 42
12 th HD 5 th post-nephrectomy day Referred to radiology service for right femoral angiography 8/19: Arteriogram, Right Lower Extremity • Distal small vessel disease with occlusions involving the peroneal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries. Presence of meniscus in the margins of the occlusion in the anterior tibial artery suggests the possibility of clot embolization especially since the anterior tibial and peroneal arteries were normal in the recent MRA • Mild stenosis, origin of the right common iliac artery 43
12 th HD Suggested below the knee amputation, however relatives expressed to try less invasive procedure Embolectomy of the right anterior tibial artery under local anesthesia was done immediately Ø Post-procedure heparin drip was resumed at 1, 200 units per hour. 44
16 th HD 9 th post-nephrectomy day 4 th post-embolectomy day Ø Ø Warfarin 5 mg tab OD started Heparin drip adjusted at 1, 000 units per hour 45
18 th HD 11 th post-nephrectomy day 6 th post-embolectomy day note of progression of hemorrhagic area above the level of the patient’s right ankle Ø Ø Doppler evaluation, there is a faint signal heard beyond the popliteal area Heparin drip increased to 700 units Vascular Surgery service evaluated the progression at this time is irreversible and that below the knee amputation is already needed 46
19 th HD 12 th post-nephrectomy day 7 th post-embolectomy day Patient underwent below the knee amputation Ø Aspirin 80 mg OD started 47
Impression 8/21: Right leg thrombus • Consistent with thrombus, right leg 8/24: Ultrasound of the Mons Pubis • Small abscesses considered, Right side of the mons pubis 48
23 rd HD 16 th post-nephrectomy day 11 th post-embolectomy day 4 th post-BKA day patient discharged improved Ø Take home meds: Clindamycin 300 mg TID for 7 days and Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BID for 7 days. Impression 8/26: UTZ of the Whole Abdomen • S/P right nephrectomy, minimal complex fluid collection in right renal fossa, probably residual abscess • Normal liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, pancreas, spleen, left kidney, urinary bladder, uterus/adnexae 49
Problem#3 DIABETES MELLITUS 50
1 st HD Episodes of drowsiness Elevated CBGs (highest at 294 mg%) Referred to Endocrine service Ø Ø Ø NGT initially inserted and given osteorized feeding CBG monitoring 4 times a day Managed with insulin therapy Diet subsequently modified Discharge home medication: Glimepiride 1 mg, ½ tablet before breakfast 51
Final Impression Urosepsis secondary to Acute Pyelonephritis; Perinephric Abscess ; S/P Nephrectomy, right Peripheral Arterial Occlusion, S/P BKA, right Diabetes Mellitus type 2 Chronic Schizophrenia, Paranoid type 52
Discussion PERINEPHRIC ABSCESS 53
Abscess Localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space* In time, may become walled off and replaced by connective tissue *Robbins and Cotran Pahologic Basis of Disease 7 th ed. 54
Urosepsis Sepsis syndrome due to urinary tract infection Includes clinical evidence of UTI plus 2 or more of the following: T > or = 38 C or < 36 C HR > 90 bpm RR > 20/minute or Pa. CO 2 < 32 mm. Hg WBC >12, 000 or <4, 000 or > 10% band forms 55
Perinephric Abscess Collection of suppurative material in the perinephric space between Gerota’s fascia and the renal capsule* Evolves from the extension of an intrarenal suppurative process, either from pyeloneprhitis or urinary extravasation due to obstruction (i. e. by kidney stones) with compounding infection+ *Tsukagoshi et al. Perinephric Abscess Secondary to a Staghorn Calculus. Observations De Cas. 2006: 285 -6 +Deck et al. Perinephric Abscess in the Neurologically Impaired. 2001: 477 -9. 56
Perinephric Abscess 30% hematogenous dissemination from sites of infection (i. e. wound, furuncles, pulmonary) 57
Epidemiology Uncommon, but potentially lethal complications of urinary tract infection* Incidence ranges from 1 -10 cases for every 10, 000 hospital admissions High mortality rate of 20 -40% *Coelho et al. Renal and Perinephric Abscesses: Analysis of 65 Consecutive Cases. World Journal Of Surgery. 2007: 431 58
Etiology Infecting bacteria are usually g(-) enteric bacilli and occasionally g(+) cocci when the infection is of hematogenous origin Most common agent: E. coli and Proteus species* Bacteria associated with infection stones and fungi have been described* Often infections are polymicrobial *Deck et al. Perinephric Abscess in the Neurologically Impaired. 2001: 477 -9. 59
Predisposing Factors DM (60 -90%) and previous urologic surgery Others: hx of pyeloneprhitis, urinary calculi, renal or ureteric obstruction, neurologic impairment, GU-TB(strictures), PCKD, immunosuppresion, and injection drug use* *Paily, Rejith. Perinephric Abscess from Insulin Syringe Use. Med Sci. 2004: 47 -8. 60
Infections in Diabetics Many specific infections are more common in diabetic patients, and some occur almost exclusively in them Other infections occur with increased severity and are associated with an increased risk of complications Several aspects of immunity are altered in patients with diabetes PMN leukocyte function is depressed, particularly (+) acidosis 61
Infections in Diabetics Leuckocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis may be affected Antioxidant systems involved in bactericidal activity may also be impaired Cutaneous responses to antigen challenges and measures of T-cell function may be depressed Evidence that improving glycemic control in patient improves immune function 62
DM and UTIs Several controlled studies demonstrated a higher incidence of bacteriuria (by a factor of 2 -4) in diabetic women than in nondiabetic women* Upper urinary tract is involved in up to 80% In one series of patients with perinephric abscess, 36% had DM*, secondary to diabetic neuropathy-induced bladder dysfunction, urologic manipulation, and high glucose concentrations impairing PMNs *Nirmal et al: Infections in Patients with DM. NEJM 1999; 1906 -7 63
Clinical Features Development can be insidious and presentation can be both nonspecific and deceptive Most common s/sxs: fever, flank or abdominal pain, chills, dysuria, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, elevated glucose in diabetics, hematuria, pyuria, sepsis, persistent fever despite antibiotics Physical findings: flank or costovertebral tenderness, palpable abdominal mass 64
Diagnosis Unilateral flank pain and/or mass, fever Anemia and leukocytosis on CBC Azotemia may be present Positive blood cultures (<50%) Pyuria (75%), proteinuria, and hematuria (30%) on urinalysis, positive urine cultures (75%) No response to treatment for acute pyelonephritis 65
Diagnosis Abdominal radiographs Abnormal in up to 60% (-) psoas border, enlarged kidney, obliteration of renal shadow, retroperitoneal gas, perinephric gas bubbles (pathognomonic) 66
Diagnosis Ultrasonography Useful and non-invasive but is false-negative in up to 36% of cases Demonstrate fluid collections that may be poorly visualized with radiography Screening tool to assess for obstructive uropathy, exclude another intraabdominal/retroperitoneal process, and exclude suppurative renal complications 67
Diagnosis CT Scanning Modality of choice; more sensitive and accurate in diagnosing intra-abdominal abscess (90%) than ultrasonography Typical appearance is that of a soft-tissue mass (20 Hounsfield unit) with a thick wall that may enhance after introduction of IV contrast Retroperitoneal hematoma, urinoma, and tumor may be differentiated from an abscess 68
Diagnosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Offers no advantave over CT but may be considered as alternative to contrast-enhanced CT in patients with a contraindication to iodinated contrast administration 69
Treatment Mainstay of treatment is interventional treatment: percutaneous or surgical drainage of the abscess cavity and drainage of the obstructed urinary collecting system, if present Antibiotics are used as adjunct to help control sepsis and prevent spread of infection; broadspectrum coverage of g(+) and g(-) is required 70
Treatment Evaluate to determine whether immediate nephrectomy, delayed nephrectomy or definitive treatment of the urinary obstruction with renal preservation is appropriate When kidneys are nonfunctioning or severely infected (emphysematous pyelonephritis, diffusely damaged parenchyma), and septic patients requiring urgent intervention, nephrectomy is the classic treatment 71
Treatment Percutaneous drainage Success rate for single unilocular abscessess 82% vs multilocular 45% Contraindicated to (+) coagulation disorders and calcified mass Poor results in: underlying ds such as DM and calculi, thick purulent discharge, (+) fungal infection, markedly diseased nonfunctioning kidneys 72
Treatment Open/Surgical drainage Simpler and safer drainage of septated abscesses Allows anatomic examination and a more exact delineation of the extension process 73
Complications Life-threatening sepsis Renal failure Abscess extension along psoas muscle, groin, perineum, vagina, or scrotum Perforate the peritonium, bladder, colon, spleen Erode through diaphragm into pleura, lungs, pericardium 74
Conclusion Perinephric abscess: May present with non-specific signs and symptoms Carry a significant mortality risk Strong correlation between late diagnosis and high mortality Successfully managed by immediate interventional treatment 75
- Slides: 75