MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN NIGERIANS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN NIGERIANS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME ON DIETARY MODIFICATION Rahamon S. K. 1, Charles-Davies M. A. 1, Akinlade K. S. 1, Olaniyi J. A. 2, Fasanmade A. A. 3, , Oyewole O. E. 4, Owolabi M. O. 2, Adebusuyi J. R. 5, Hassan O. 5, Ajobo M. T. 6, Ebesunun M. O. 8, Adigun K. 7, Fabian U. A. 1, Popoola O. O. 1, Okunbolade W. 1, Arinola O. G. 1 and Agbedana E. O. 1 1. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2. Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 3. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 4. Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 5. Medical Social Services Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 6. Dietetics Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 7. General Out Patient Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 8. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria Background MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN NIGERIANS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME ON DIETARY MODIFICATION by Rahamon SK is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non. Commercial-Share. Alike 4. 0 International License Metabolic syndrome (MS) : • constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMF) associated with increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T 2 DM) and cardiovascular disease (Trøseid et al. , 2010). • one of the major public health challenges worldwide. • Its prevalence continues to rise- Ghazali and Sanusi (2010) and Charles-Davies et al. (2012) reported prevalence rates of 36. 7% and 16. 3% respectively. • MS is often characterized by oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines (Faloia et al. , 2012). • Effective lifestyle strategies (Longo-Mbenza et al. , 2007, 2011): appropriate diet, life style changes, weight reduction, increased physical activity, pharmacological and surgical interventions. Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
Aim This study assessed the effect of short term dietary modification on inflammatory and oxidative stress indices in Nigerians with metabolic syndrome (MS). Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
Subjects and Methods • 60 subjects with MS and 40 controls were recruited using IDFcriteria (IDF, 2005). • All the MS subjects were seen by a Dietitian immediately after the diagnosis was made and the approximate percentages of total calories obtained from total protein, total fat, polyunsaturated fat, and carbohydrate were calculated from dietary history and pegged at 20%, 30%, 14% and 50% respectively. To ensure compliance, each participant was seen monthly by the Dietitian. • About 10 ml of venous blood sample was obtained from each subject after an overnight fast (10 -12 h) at baseline and 6 month post dietary modification. Plasma and serum were obtained and stored at -20 0 C until analyses were done. Methods • Anthropometric indices and blood pressure (mm. Hg)- standard methods. • Lipid profile (TG, TC, HDL) and FPG- enzymatic method • LDL, ratios of LDL to HDL, TC to HDL, TG to HDL- calculated. • Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs. CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- ELISA. • Albumin and total protein- Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Biuret’s methods respectively. • Globulin- calculated • Myeloperoxidase (MPO)- Bergmeyer (1974) • Catalase (CAT)- Sinha (1971) • Superoxide dismutase (SOD)- Misra and Fridovich (1972) • Nitric oxide (NO)- Green et al. (1982), • Malondialdehyde (MDA)- Adam-Vizi and Seregi (1982) • Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2)- Wolff (1994). Statistical analysis • Unpaired Student’s t-test was used to determine the differences between independent variables at baseline while post -intervention differences were determined using paired Student’s t-test. Relationship between variables was determined using Pearson correlation coefficient. p-value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
Results At baseline, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, percentage body fat, FPG, TNF-α, hs. CRP, H 2 O 2, total protein and globulin were significantly elevated in MS compared with controls. In contrast, significant reductions in the plasma levels of HDL, MDA, albumin and CAT activity were observed (Table 1). Post-intervention, the mean blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body fat, NO, hs. CRP, H 2 O 2, total protein and globulin were significantly reduced while the mean HDL, MDA, albumin and activities of CAT and MPO were significantly increased in MS subjects compared with baseline (Table 2). TNF-α and CAT activity did not change significantly after the intervention. At baseline, total protein had positive correlation while SOD had inverse correlation with triglyceride. hs. CRP had significant positive correlation with WC postintervention. Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
Conclusion Short term dietary intervention of six months resulted in significant loss of adiposity and greatly improved cardiovascular risk, inflammatory and oxidative stress factors without significant reduction in FPG and TNF-α levels. Monitored dietary modification could be a viable therapy against the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with metabolic syndrome. References • Adam-Vizi V. , Seregi M. 1982. Receptor dependent stimulatory effect of noradrenalin on Na+/K+ – ATPase in rat brain homogenate. Role of lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31: 2231 – 2236. • Bergmeyer HU. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, second ed. Academic Press, London, 1974; pp. 574 -582, 856 -869. • Charles-Davies MA, Arinola OG, Fasanmade A. A, Olaniyi JA, Oyewole OO, Owolabi MO et al. Indices of metabolic syndrome in 534 apparently healthy traders in a local market in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of US-China Medical Science 2012; 9 (2): 91 -100. • Faloia E, Michetti G, De Robertis M, Luconi M. P. , Furlani G. , Boscaro M. 2012. Inflammation as a Link between Obesity and. Metabolic Syndrome Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012: Article ID 476380. • Gaziano TA, Galea G, Reddy KS. Scaling up interventions for chronic disease prevention: the evidence. Lancet 2007; 370: 1939– 1946. • Ghazali SM, Sanusi RA. 2010. Waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and body mass index in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Nigerian subjects. Nig. J. Physiol. Sci. 2010; 25 (2): 187 -195. • Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS and Tannenbaum SR. Analysis of nitrate and nitrite in biological fluids. Anal. Biochem. 1982; 126: 131. • International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Brussels: IDF. 2005. Available at: http: //www. idf. org/ webdata/docs/IDF_ Metasyndrome definition. pdf • Longo-Mbenza B, Mvindu HN, On’kin JBK, Bikuku N, Phanzu BK, Okwe AN, Kabangu N. The deleterious effects of physical inactivity on elements of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in Central Africans at high cardiovascular risk. Diabetes and Metabolic syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 2011; 5: 1 -6. • Longo-Mbenza B, Nkondi NJ, Ngoma DV. Prevention of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and the atherosclerotic diseases in Africans infected by Helicobacter pylori infection and treated by antibiotics. Int J Cardol 2007; 121: 229 -238. • Misra, H. P. and Fridovich, I. 1972. The role of superoxide anion in the autooxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 247(10): 3170 – 3175. • Sinha, K. A. 1971. Calorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47: 389 – 394. • Skalicky J, Muzakova V, Kandar R, Meloun M, Rousar T, Palicka V. 2008. Evaluation of oxidative stress and inflammation in obese adults with metabolic syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med 46: 499– 505. • Trøseid M, Seljeflot I, Harald Arnesen. The role of interleukin-18 in the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2010; 9: 11. • Wolff SP. 1994. Ferrous ion oxidation in presence of ferric ion indicator xylenol orange for measurement of hydroperoxides. Methods Enzymol 233: 182 -189. Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN NIGERIANS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME ON DIETARY MODIFICATION by Rahamon SK is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non. Commercial-Share. Alike 4. 0 International License Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2013
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