MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS Course Outline n n n Introduction

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MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS

MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS

Course Outline n n n Introduction to Separation Processes Role of Mechanical Separations in

Course Outline n n n Introduction to Separation Processes Role of Mechanical Separations in Chemical Engineering Fundamentals of different mechanical separations; Filtration, Sedimentation, Clarification, Flotation, Centrifugal separations, Jigging, tabling, magnetic and electrostatic separations, Sonic Agglomeration n Different types of mechanical separation equipment 3/6/2021 2

Introduction to Separation Processes n Separation process is used to transform a mixture of

Introduction to Separation Processes n Separation process is used to transform a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products. n The mixture can be a combination of any two or more states: solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas, solid-liquid-gas mixture, etc. 3/6/2021 3

Separation Process Mechanisms q Phase creation q Phase addition q Barrier q Solid agent

Separation Process Mechanisms q Phase creation q Phase addition q Barrier q Solid agent q External field 4

How separation is carried out? In order to affect a separation, separating agents are

How separation is carried out? In order to affect a separation, separating agents are needed in the form of either: n n Energy input (heat, electricity, magnetism, ) Withdrawal of energy ( cooling, freezing) Medium (filter, membrane, screens) May be any phase as well as any chemical 3/6/2021 5

Classification of Separation processes The classification can be based on the means of separation;

Classification of Separation processes The classification can be based on the means of separation; 1. Mechanical Processes 2. Chemical processes 3/6/2021 6

Why Separations are needed? n n n 3/6/2021 Isolating valuable chemicals from mixtures Removing

Why Separations are needed? n n n 3/6/2021 Isolating valuable chemicals from mixtures Removing impurities from raw materials Purification of products 7

Mechanical Separations are applicable to heterogeneous mixtures, not to homogenous solutions. The techniques are

Mechanical Separations are applicable to heterogeneous mixtures, not to homogenous solutions. The techniques are based on the physical differences b/w the particles such as size, shape or density. 3/6/2021 8

Advantages § Relatively less Energy Requirements § Ease of Operation § Ease of Maintenance

Advantages § Relatively less Energy Requirements § Ease of Operation § Ease of Maintenance § No special Feed pretreatment required Disadvantages § Not applicable for separating Components in homogeneous phase § Not versatile i. e. in same state may be one element can be separated and other don’t. § Applicable to low flow rates 9

Classification q q On the basis of characteristics q Depending on the difference in

Classification q q On the basis of characteristics q Depending on the difference in size or shape q Depending on the difference in phase density q Depending on fluid and particle mechanics q Depending on surface, electrical or magnetic properties On the basis of phases involved q q q 3/6/2021 q S-S L-L G-L L-G S-L L-S S-G 10

Our focus will be the… q Solid – Solid Separation q Solid – Liquid

Our focus will be the… q Solid – Solid Separation q Solid – Liquid Separation q Solid – Gas Separation 3/6/2021 11

Solid – Solid Separation q Objective – to separate the mixture of solids into

Solid – Solid Separation q Objective – to separate the mixture of solids into two or more fractions q q Dry basis § Screening § Electrostatic § magnetic Wet basis § Classification 12

Solid – Liquid Separation q Objective – to separate the solids and liquid from

Solid – Liquid Separation q Objective – to separate the solids and liquid from each other § Filtration § Sedimentation – gravitational settling § Centrifugal separators 13

Solid – Gas Separation q Objective – to separate the solids from gas §

Solid – Gas Separation q Objective – to separate the solids from gas § Filtration § Gravitational settling § Centrifugation 14

Filtration 3/6/2021 15

Filtration 3/6/2021 15

Sedimentation 3/6/2021 16

Sedimentation 3/6/2021 16

Centrifugal Separation 3/6/2021 17

Centrifugal Separation 3/6/2021 17

Magnetic Separation 3/6/2021 18

Magnetic Separation 3/6/2021 18

Electrostatic Separation 3/6/2021 19

Electrostatic Separation 3/6/2021 19

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