MECATRONICA 1 Principles of electrical engineering Electrical engineering

MECATRONICA 1. § Principles of electrical engineering Electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines - Power engineering - Control – - Electronic – - Microelectronics - Signal processing - Telecommunication – - Instrumentation – - Computer – - Mechatronics Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 1

Electronics § Electronic components § 1. List of electronic components § § § § § 1. 1 Interconnecting electronic components 1. 2 Passive components 1. 3 Active components (solid-state) 1. 4 Active components (thermionic) 1. 5 Display devices 1. 6 Electromechanical sensors and actuators 1. 7 Thermoelectric devices 1. 8 Photoelectric devices 1. 9 Antennas Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 2

1. 1 Interconnecting electronic components § An electrical connector is a device for joining electrical circuits together. The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, or may require a tool for assembly and removal, or may be a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 3

1. 2 Printed circuit board § In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etchedd from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB), and etched wiring board. Populating the board with electronic components forms a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 4

1. 3 Wire wrap § Wire wrap is a technique for constructing small numbers of complex electronics assemblies. It is an alternative technique to the use of small runs of printed circuit boards, and has the advantage of being easily changed for prototyping work. It has been used to construct telephone exchanges, computers, control consoles, radios, radars, sonars, and other complex pieces of equipment that are needed in small volumes. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 5

1. 4 Breadboard § A breadboard is a reusable solderless device used to build a (generally temporary) prototype of an electronic circuit and for experimenting with circuit designs. This is in contrast to stripboard (veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build more permanent prototypes or one-offs, and cannot easily be reused. A typical breadboard will have strips of interconnected electrical terminals, known as bus strips, down one or both sides—either as part of the main unit or as separate blocks clipped on—to carry the power rails. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 6

1. 5 Stripboard § Stripboard (often known by the trademark name Veroboard of the Vero Electronics company) is a type of electronics prototyping board characterised by a 0. 1 inch (2. 54 mm) regular grid of holes, with wide strips running one way all the way along one side of the board. Breaks are inserted in the tracks, usually around a hole but with care, it is possible to break between holes to allow for components that have two pin rows only one position apart such as twin row headers for IDC connectors. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 7

1. 2. Passive elements 1. 2. 1 Fuse (electrical) § In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse, short for 'fusible link', is a type of overcurrent protection device. It has as its critical component: a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed electric current, opening the circuit of which it is a part, and so protecting the circuit from an overcurrent condition. . Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 8

1. 2. 2 Resistor § A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component (measured in Ohm [Ω] ) that resists an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law. §Ω [Ω] Resistor Color Codes Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 9

1. 2. 3 Capacitor § A capacitor is an electrical device (measured in Farad [F] ) that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of closely-spaced conductors (called 'plates'). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate. § Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals and this makes them useful in electronic filters. § Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is now considered an antiquated term. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 10

1. 2. 4 Inductor § An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of inductance. An inductor can take many forms. § Inductance (measured in henries) is an effect which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor. Electrical current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the current. A change in this current creates a change in magnetic flux that, in turn, generates an electromotive force (emf) that acts to oppose this change in current. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 11

1. 2. 5 Piezoelectric sensor § A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal. § Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and process development in many different industries. § Piezo electric sensors are also seen in nature. Bones act as force sensors. Once loaded, bones produce charges proportional to the resulting internal torsion or displacement. Those charges stimulate and drive the build up of new bone material. This leads to the strengthening of structures where the internal displacements are the greatest. With time, this causes weaker structures to increase their strength and stability as material is laid down proportional to the forces affecting the bone. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 12

1. 2. 6 Varistor § A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 13

1. 2. 7 Transformer § A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling with no moving parts. A transformer comprises two or more coupled windings, or a single tapped winding and, in most cases, a magnetic core to concentrate magnetic flux. A changing current in one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other windings. § The transformer is one of the simplest of electrical devices, yet transformer designs and materials continue to be improved. § Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge gigawatt units used to interconnect large portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles and with many similarities in their parts. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 14

1. 2. 8 Switch § A switch is a device for changing the course (or flow) of a circuit. The prototypical model is a mechanical device (for example a railroad switch) which can be disconnected from one course and connected to another. The term "switch" typically refers to electrical power or electronic telecommunication circuits. In applications where multiple switching options are required (e. g. , a telephone service), mechanical switches have long been replaced by electronic variants which can be intelligently controlled and automated. § The switch is referred to as a "gate" when abstracted to mathematical form. In the philosophy of logic, operational arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic gates to function as a system of logical gates is the fundamental basis for the computer — a computer is a system of electronic switches which function as logical gates. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 15

1. 2. 9 Circuit - Breaker § A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 16

1. 3 Active components 1. 3. 1 Diode § In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. Essentially, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. Circuits that require current flow in only one direction will typically include one or more diodes in the circuit design. § § § § § There are several types of semiconductor junction diodes: Normal (p-n) diode Schottky diodes Zener -Avalanche – Photo – Light-emitting – (LED) Laser – Esaki - or Tunnel – and more ……. Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 17

1. 3. 2 Transistor § A transistor is a semiconductor device that uses a small amount of voltage § § § or electrical current to control a larger change in voltage or current. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics. Because of its fast response and accuracy, the transistor may be used in a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators. Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very small area. Transistors are categorized by: Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, "other types" Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) Sem. 1 -2007 Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 18

§ § Transistor Types - field effect transistor § § § § - bipolar transistor § § § - Compound transistor Sem. 1 -2007 - IGBT transistor - SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor) - Darlington transistor - Photo transistor Universidad EAFIT Profesores: Hans Ley (Dipl. -Ing. ) y Alejandro Velásquez (MSc. Mechatronics) 19

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