Measuring GDP Mr Henry AP Economics Why GDP

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Measuring GDP Mr. Henry AP Economics

Measuring GDP Mr. Henry AP Economics

Why GDP? • Just as a business would analyze their accounts to determine their

Why GDP? • Just as a business would analyze their accounts to determine their health as a business, so too does our country • The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) compiles the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) for the U. S. economy

 • From the BEA, we can: - Asses the health of the economy

• From the BEA, we can: - Asses the health of the economy by comparing levels of production at regular intervals - Track the long-run course of the economy to see whether it has grown, been constant, or declined - Formulate policies that will safeguard and improve the economy’s health

 • Our GDP is based on our aggregate output, or the dollar value

• Our GDP is based on our aggregate output, or the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a given period of time, typically a year • GDP is a monetary measure, so we compare the values of the vast number of goods and services produced in different years. The GDP

Wait…can’t something be counted twice? ? • GDP must count items only once, so

Wait…can’t something be counted twice? ? • GDP must count items only once, so to avoid counting twice we count only final goods, not intermediate goods. • Intermediate Goods are goods and services that are purchased for resale or further processing or manufacturing • Final Goods are consumption goods, capital goods, and services that are purchased by their final users, rather than for resale or further processing or manufacturing • This avoid multiple counting and distorting the GDP!

 • Value added is the market value of a firm’s output less the

• Value added is the market value of a firm’s output less the value of the inputs the firm has bought from others. $120 (VA = $120) $180 (VA = $60) $220 (VA = $40) manufacturer Total Sales Values = $1140 Value Added (Total Income) = $350 $270 (VA = $50) wholesaler $350 (VA = $80) So for the GDP, we could use the final cost of the item, $350 at Hollister, or the Value Added

Intermediate or Final Good?

Intermediate or Final Good?

 • There are two ways to measure GDP • We can determine GDP

• There are two ways to measure GDP • We can determine GDP as the value of output by summing all expenditures on that output • Or, we can determine GDP by adding up all the components of income arising from the production of that output

Expenditures Approach • To determine GDP using the expenditures approach, we add up all

Expenditures Approach • To determine GDP using the expenditures approach, we add up all the spending on final goods and services that has taken place throughout the year.

 • Personal Consumption Expenditures covers all expenditures by households on durable consumer goods,

• Personal Consumption Expenditures covers all expenditures by households on durable consumer goods, nondurable consumer goods, and services. Personal Consumption (C)

Gross Private Domestic Investment (I) • (I) includes: - All final purchases of machinery,

Gross Private Domestic Investment (I) • (I) includes: - All final purchases of machinery, equipment, and tools by business enterprises - All construction - Changes in inventories (unsold goods)

Government Purchases (G) • Government consumption expenditures and gross investment - Expenditures for goods

Government Purchases (G) • Government consumption expenditures and gross investment - Expenditures for goods and services that the government consumes in providing public services - Expenditures for publicly owned capital

Net Exports (Xn) • Foreign spending on our exports must be included in GDP

Net Exports (Xn) • Foreign spending on our exports must be included in GDP • HOWEVER, some expenditures for C, I, and G are for domestically produced goods and services! • So, we must subtract off the spending that goes to imports, (M). • GDP = C + Ig + G + X-M or GDP = C + Ig + G + Xn

 • As was the case in 2002 and in your book table 24.

• As was the case in 2002 and in your book table 24. 3, notice that net exports are minus

AP Sample Questions • Please review the AP Sample Questions on GDP and keep

AP Sample Questions • Please review the AP Sample Questions on GDP and keep them in your notebook!