Measuring Direction is measured from 000 to 360

Measuring Direction is measured from 000 to 360 clockwise from North South = 180 North - 000 /360 West = 270 East = 090 B 97 05 -02 United States Power Squadrons®

LATITUDE B 97 05 -04 United States Power Squadrons®

Longitude B 97 05 -05 United States Power Squadrons®

Measuring Latitude and Longitude One minute of latitude equals one nautical mile B 97 05 -06 United States Power Squadrons®

HOW CHART SCALES DIFFER B 97 05 -07 -1 United States Power Squadrons®

CHART SCALES Small Scale chart Large Scale Chart Small scale charts show large areas Large scale charts show small areas B 97 05 -08 United States Power Squadrons®

CHART SCALES B 97 05 -07 -2 United States Power Squadrons®

“MARK” AN AID TO NAVIGATION YOU SEE WHILE BOATING TWO CATEGORIES OF MARKS à Lateral Marks • Marks starboard and port sides of a route à Non-Lateral Marks • Supplemental aids having no lateral significance BS 98 03 -01 - B 97 06 -01 United States Power Squadrons®

IDENTIFICATION OF “MARKS” à In Daylight • • Shapes Colors Numbers or letters Sounds à At Night • Light color and patterns • Sounds Always Locate Marks On Your Chart BS 98 03 -02 - B 97 06 -02 United States Power Squadrons®

TYPES OF “MARKS” à BUOYS • Floating marks anchored at specific locations à BEACONS • Fixed marks permanently fastened to the earth’s surface BS 98 03 -03 -1 - B 97 06 -03 United States Power Squadrons®

“BUOYS” à Floating Aids • Various shapes and colors à Position approximate à Identified by • Number, letters, sound devices and lights à Chart symbol • diamond with a small position circle • Magenta disc around position circle, if lighted BS 98 03 -03 -2 - B 97 06 -04 United States Power Squadrons®

“BEACONS” à Permanently fixed to Earth's surface à Examples: • Lighthouses • Daybeacons à Identified by: • Numbers, letters, sound devices, lights à Chart symbols: • Unlighted - small triangle or square • Lighted - magenta flare with a black position dot BS 98 03 -03 -3 - B 97 06 -05 United States Power Squadrons®

The “ 3 -R” Rule Red - Right - Returning à When Returning from sea, keep red sideof-channel marks to your starboard à “Returning” is: • Entering a harbor or bay from the open ocean • Traveling up a river from the sea • Traveling clockwise around the U. S. along it’s coastline – South along the Atlantic coast – West along the Gulf coast – North along the Pacific coast BS 98 03 -05 - B 97 06 -06 United States Power Squadrons®

TYPES OF SOUND SIGNALS BS 98 03 -11 - B 97 06 -08 United States Power Squadrons®

Definitions à Navigation · The science of directing the movements of a boat from one place to another in a safe and efficient manner. à Piloting · A part of navigation using landmarks, navigational aids, and soundings as primary tools. B 97 07 -01 United States Power Squadrons®

A Chart Compass Rose Variation is found in the center of the compass rose B 97 07 -03 United States Power Squadrons®