MCB 7200 Molecular Biology Biotechnology terminology Common hosts
MCB 7200: Molecular Biology • Biotechnology terminology • Common hosts and experimental organisms • Transcription and translation • Prokaryotic gene organization & expression
Terminology • Molecular biology-The study of biology on a molecular level including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically important molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins • Recombinant DNA technology-a set of techniques for manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the production of large quantities of gene product • Genetic engineering-the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification • Biotechnology-production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems, and processes • Molecular biotechnology-r. DNA technology + biotechnology
Selected developments in the history of molecular biology/biotechnology 1944 -Avery, Mac. Leod & Mc. Carty determine DNA is the genetic material 1953 -Watson & Crick determine the structure of DNA 1970 -First restriction endonuclease isolated 1973 -Boyer & Cohen establish recombinant DNA technology 1976 -DNA sequencing techniques developed 1980 -U. S. Supreme Court rules genetically modified microorganisms can be patented 1981 -First DNA synthesizers sold 1988 -PCR method published 1990 -Human genome project initiated 1996 -Complete DNA sequence of a eukaryote (yeast) determined 1997 -Nuclear cloning of a mammal (a sheep named Dolly) 2000 -Arabidopsis genome sequenced 2001 -Human genome sequenced 2002 -Complete human gene microarrays (gene chips) available 2006 -Fire & Mellow discover RNAi (gene silencing by ds. RNA) 2009 -FDA approves first drug produced in a genetically engineered animal (a goat) 2012 -Gurdon & Yamanaka find 4 regulatory genes convert adult cells into stem cells
Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which generates a wide range of commercial products
Molecular Biology Model Systems https: //www. dnalc. org/resources/animations/model_organisms. html • Viruses • Bacteria (E. coli) • Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) • Round worms (Caenorhabditis elegans) • Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) • Zebrafish (Danio rerio) • Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) • Mouse (Mus musculus)
Figure 1. 13 studies. Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of Molecular Cell Biology, 7 th Edition Lodish et al. Copyright © 2013 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Figure 1. 13 (Continued) Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies. Listen to the podcast! Molecular Cell Biology, 7 th Edition Lodish et al. Copyright © 2013 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Molecular Cell Biology, 7 th Edition Lodish et al. Copyright © 2013 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Review protein secretion and protein targeting • • • Signal peptide sequences Consider gram negative vs. gram positive bacteria Consider eukaryotic cells In eukaryotic cells, short peptide sequences (or other modifications) tell a protein where to go See MCB Chapter 13 & 14 Protein sorting animations
Central Dogma of Biology DNA transcription RNA reverse transcription DNA replication translation Protein $$$ Molecular Biotechnology
Chemical structure of DNA and RNA
Chemical structure of ds. DNA
Chemical structure of ds. DNA
Prokaryotic gene expression
In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the 10 and -35 regions of the promoter relative to the start site of transcription (+1) promoter operator
- Slides: 15
