Mc Carthyism The CIA Mc Carthyism Ends Finally

Mc. Carthyism & The CIA Mc. Carthyism Ends! Finally brought down by television Army hearings Censured in ‘ 54 Dies in ‘ 57 The Central Intelligence Agency Combined the overt threat of massive retaliation with a heavy reliance on covert interventions With the American public wary of direct US military interventions, the CIA promised a cheap, quick alternative CIA Director: Allen Dulles Held missions around the world

ELECTION OF 1960: RICHARD NIXON, R Quaker, humble JOHN F. KENNEDY, D Catholic, very wealthy, origins, from CA from MA Political Experience in in House, Senate & as House and Senate Ike’s VP for 8 yrs. Also a “Cold Warrior” (& friend of Mc. Carthy) communism is chief VP Running Mate is threat to U. S. way of Lyndon B. Johnson life from Texas

TELEVISED DEBATES JFK challenged Nixon to televised debates Nixon is more skilled debater BUT JFK much more poised, youthful, attractive on camera Debates also heard on radio Those listening to radio felt Nixon won Those watching on TV thought JFK won JFK himself credited his victory to the TV

John F. Kennedy Only Catholic ever elected President Why an issue? Youngest man ever elected Pres. (43) Won with the lowest popular vote majority in history 1 st Pres. to appoint his brother to a cabinet position Attorney General (35) Youngest cabinet – “best and brightest” – Harvard educated as JFK was NOT an intellectual…but Jackie surrounded him with intellectuals • 1 st Pres. born in the 20 th century • Speed reader - read 10 major city newspapers every morning over coffee • HORRIBLE HEALTH – allergies, back, stomach, Addison’s disease, hearing loss, VD, etc. • Commanded a PT torpedo boat in WWII • Sunk by Japanese destroyer • Helped get survivors to island. Medals

THE NEW FRONTIER Let’s get this country moving again! Inaugural Address: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country…. ” “The torch has been passed to a new generation…. ” First time U. S. is led by people born in 20 th century -- youthful, “vigor, " confident, idealistic Chief Task is to stop the spread of communism Enacted tax cuts to put $ in hands of consumers Very Republican! Trade Expansion Act tariff cuts with W. Europe Idea was to promote trade Medical Retardation & Health Centers Act

THE SPACE RACE Soviet satellite in space first – Sputnik, 1957 JFK promotes NASA (founded 1958 - Ike) as part of economic stimulus U. S. Mercury I – 1958 Goal is to put a man on the moon by 1970 First “American” in space – Ham, the chimpanzee, 1961 First American to orbit the earth, 1962 JOHN GLENN First Americans to the moon: NEIL ARMSTRONG BUZZ ALDRIN MICHAEL COLLINS

Peace Corps A call to “commitment and action” Program of sending American volunteers to help developing countries Programs to fight poverty & disease in third-world countries Projects included teaching nglish, community planning, medical assistance, building water and sewage systems. Alliance for Progress - Latin American version of the Marshall Plan Goal was to help the Good Neighbors close the gap b/w the rich and poor – which would quiet communist agitation BUT, social problems are just too immense in L. A.

BAY OF PIGS INVASION Failure Castro - Cuba, ‘ 59 / Soviets Ike & CIA planned to invade and overthrow Castro (training 2000 Cuban exiles for invasion) CIA thought local Cubans would rise up & assist the invaders JFK approves; invades April, ‘ 61 No help from the locals – no air cover from JFK-- Castro surrounds & forces surrender of the invaders instead Exiles were jailed but eventually “ransomed” for $62 million worth of pharmaceuticals & humanitarian aid in 1963 Hurts JFK’s international reputation Seen as impulsive; unprincipled “Operation Mongoose” begins

BERLIN WALL Failure Soviets (Khrushchev) demand that the U. S. recognize E. Germany & give up the 4 -power occupation of Berlin [note: furious over Bay of Pigs] JFK refuses and Soviets build wall around West Berlin – August 1961…to stop flow from East to West Berlin Wall stands for almost 30 years as the most dramatic symbol of Cold War division in Europe Both sides begin heavy nuclear development (US –

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Success U. S. U-2 plane discovered long-range Soviet missiles & launch sites on Cuba Put there by Khrushchev (along with Soviet troops, tanks, etc. ) to prepare for anticipated U. S. invasion of Cuba Dilemma faced by JFK: Doesn’t want to back down to the Communists If he invades or bombs, Krushchev would take West Berlin or bomb U. S. bases in Turkey Could lead to full-scale nuclear war Addresses the nation on October 22, 1962 Game of “nuclear chicken” ensues – 13 tense days

JFK orders naval blockade (“quarantine”) to keep out any more missiles & demanded Soviets dismantle missile sites Soviets made 2 demands of us: agree never to invade Cuba remove our missiles from Turkey RFK suggested we ignore 2 nd & agree to the first only (later, comes out that U. S. privately agreed to 2 nd demand as well) Waited 5 days before the Soviet ships turned around JFK & Khrushchev set up White House-Kremlin ‘hot • Khrushchev is finished – Replaced by Breshnev • New arms race begins • JFK urges “peaceful coexistence”

NUCLEAR TEST-BAN TREATY Both the Soviets and the U. S. had been involved in massive nuclear testing After Cuban Missile crisis, both sides agree to reduce risks of war ’ 63 - US, Soviets & British agree to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in outer space & underwater (but not underground).

Johnson Sworn In The Death of a President Kennedy arrived in Dallas for a meeting with the Texas Governor They rode in a motorcade through the streets of Dallas November 22, 1963 JFK was shot twice while riding in his car Pronounced dead when he reached the hospital Lee Harvey Oswald will be accused Will be killed before he can go on trial by Jack Ruby Suspected that Ruby was trying to protect others in the assassination Warren Commission determined that Oswald was the lone gunman Left questions unanswered Left the door wide open to conspiracy theorists Lyndon Johnson will be sworn in as president & continue many of Kennedy’s programs 2 hours & 8 minutes after Kennedy’s assassination Sworn in aboard Air Force One while still at the Dallas airport First and only president to be sworn in on Texas soil Was the first to be sworn in by a female federal judge Jackie was still wearing the blood stained suit Would fly to Washington just after ceremony completed