Matter and Energy Matter and Energy n Matter

Matter and Energy

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Elements – Compounds

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of elements and compounds n Atom - the basic building block of all chemical elements

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of elements and compounds n Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of elements and compounds n Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges – Na+1

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Subatomic particles – Protons (+) – Neutrons (o) – Electrons (-)

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element – Hydrogen: AN = 1 – Carbon: AN = 6 – Uranium: AN = 92

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Mass Number (MN) - the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom – Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 – Uranium: MN = 92 protons + 143 neutrons = 235

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules # protons = # electrons n No net electrical charge n

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Isotope - two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Ion - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative electrical charges

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Ions – Sodium (Na) n 11 protons + 11 electrons no net charge n Loses 1 electron n 11 electrons + 10 protons net + 1 charge (Na+1)

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Types of chemical bonds – Ionic – Covalent – Hydrogen

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Types of chemical bonds – Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction between oppositely charged ions

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Types of chemical bonds – Covalent Bond - bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – The structure of atoms and molecules n Types of chemical bonds – Hydrogen Bond - occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds Organic n Inorganic n

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds n Organic Compounds - compounds that contain carbon atoms that are bonded to other carbon atoms and/or with atoms of H, O, N, S, Cl, F

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds n Examples of Organic Compounds – Hydrocarbons n Methane gas (CH 4) – Chlorinated hydrocarbons n DDT (C 14 H 9 Cl 5)

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds n Examples of Organic Compounds – Chloroflurocarbons n Freon-12 (CCl 2 F 2) – Simple carbohydrates n Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6)

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds n Examples of Organic Compounds – Complex carbohydrates – Proteins – Nucleic Acids

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Types of Compounds n Examples of Inorganic Compounds – Salt (Na. Cl) – Water(H 2 O) – Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Matter and Energy n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality – Matter Quality n Matter Quality - a measure of how useful a matter resource is based on its availability and concentration

Matter and Energy n Energy: Forms and Quality – Classification of Energy Kinetic n Potential n Electromagnetic radiation n

Matter and Energy n Energy: Forms and Quality – Forms of Kinetic Energy n Heat - total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, and molecules within a given substance – Temperature - the average speed of motion of the atoms, ions, and molecules in a sample of matter at a given moment

Matter and Energy n Energy: Forms and Quality – Energy Quality n Energy Quality - the measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful work

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Physical Change - a change that involves no change in the chemical composition of the material

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Chemical Change - a change that involves changes in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds involved

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Nuclear Changes - a process in which nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change into one or more different isotopes

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Nuclear Changes n Types – Natural radioactive decay – Nuclear fission – Nuclear fusion

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Nuclear Changes n Natural radioactive decay - process in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit high-energy, fast moving particles

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Nuclear Changes n Nuclear Fission - nuclear change in which the unstable nuclei isotopes are split into lighter nuclei when hit by a neutron

Matter and Energy n Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter – Nuclear Changes n Nuclear Fusion - nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements (H) are forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus

Matter and Energy n The Law of Conservation of Matter – The Law of Conservation of Matter -in any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another

Matter and Energy n The Laws of Energy – First Law of Energy - in all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted to one form or another

Matter and Energy n The Laws of Energy – Second Law of Energy - in any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the high quality useful energy is converted to lowerquality, more dispersed, less useful energy