MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION I BRICK MASONRY SOFIA SEBASTIAN

COMPONENTS / PARTS OF A BUILDING 8. Lintel 1. Foundation 9. Door 2. Plinth 3. Basement filling 10. First Floor 4. Ground floor 11. Partition wall 12. Ceiling 5. Internal wall 6. External wall 13. Flat roof 14. Sloping roof 7. Staircase

Plinth Sill and lintel

MASONRY Masonry simplest of building techniques material (bricks, stones, or concrete blocks called masonry units) atop one another to make walls. Mortar important part of masonry ; • It seals between the units to keep water and wind from penetrating • adheres the units to one another to bond them into a monolithic structural unit Mortar – Cement lime mortar made of portland cement, hydrated lime, an inert aggregate, and water. The aggregate, sand, must be clean and screened to eliminate particles that are too coarse. The portland cement is the bonding agent in the mortar.

Lime for mortar is produced by burning limestone or seashells (calcium carbonate) in a kiln to drive off carbon dioxide and leave quicklime (calcium oxide). Ca. CO 3 Ca. O (quick lime)+ CO 2 Quicklime is then slaked by allowing it to absorb as much water as it will hold, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide, called slaked lime or hydrated lime. Ca. O + H 2 O Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime) (hydrated lime) The hydrated lime is subsequently dried, ground, and bagged for shipment.

Brick Masonry crushin g • Size • most resistant • traditional brick is shaped and dimensioned to the human hand. Hand-sized bricks are less likely to crack during drying PRODUCTION OF BRICKS Bricks are produced by a large number of relatively small, widely dispersed factories from a variety of local clays and shales. The raw material is dug from pits, crushed, ground, and screened to reduce it grindin g screenin g

Then it is tempered with water to produce a plastic clay ready forming/ moulding into bricks. moulding After molding the bricks are dried for 1 or 2 days in a low-temperature dryer kiln. They are made into their final form by a process known as firing or burning (1000 -1300°C) firing

Brick Size There is no truly standard brick A standard metric brick has coordinating dimensions of 225 x 112. 5 x 75 mm called nominal size and working dimensions (actual dimensions) of 215 x 102. 5 x 65 mm called architectural size. Frogs permit stronger bonding between units

SOLID UNITS 1. Facing bricks - for both structural and nonstructural uses where appearance is important. 2. Building bricks – where appearance does not matter, such as in masonry walls that will be concealed in the finished work. HOLLOW UNITS up to 60 percent void and are used primarily to enable the insertion and grouting of steel reinforcing bars in masonry brick walls

CUSTOM MOULDED BRICKS Bricks made into any shape PAVING BRICKS paving of walks, drives, and patios FIRE BRICKS are used for the lining of furnaces. made from special clays, called fireclays/ refractory clays resistance to very high temperatures Firebricks are laid in very thin joints of fireclay mortar.

Laying Bricks simplest brick wall is a single wall thick of stretcher courses Rowlock courses - for caps on garden walls and for sloping sills under windows soldier courses for visual emphasis - window lintels or tops of walls. For walls headers are used to bond the units together into a structural unit.

Three quarter bat Queen closer bat

Brick laying and bonding 1. Stretcher bond 2. Header Bond 3. English Bond 4. Flemish Bond It is easy to lay with little waste and composed entirely of stretchers set in rows, offset by half a brick. used mostly in interior settings because it is only applicable in thin-walled settings. 1. Stretcher bond thinnest of brick wall settings. This is because it is only as thick as one half of a brick. very common and used for creating a cavity wall, or a wall system that creates a cavity within itself. Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 13 13

2. Header Bond Header bond is created by rows of headers, only displaced by half a brick on each row. This bond is often use to create curved brickwork. 2, 4, 6 COURSES

3. English Bond A course of header and the next course of stretcher Join the closer brick with the corner header

4. Flemish Bond Alternate header and stretcher in each course Join the closer brick with the corner header Place each header centrally over a stretcher

STRETCHER BOND FLEMISH BOND ENGLISH BOND

The procedure for building brick walls. This example is a single BRICK of running bond.

The procedure for building brick walls. This example is running bond.

building brick walls

Joint tooling profiles for brickwork 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Weathered joint Concave joint V joint Flush joint Raked joint Stripped joint Struck joint

Joint tooling profiles for brickwork

Reinforced Brick Masonry deformed steel reinforcing bars used in concrete to strengthen a brick wall or lintel