Material No 3 Spatial Strategic Planning and Regional

Material No. 3 Spatial Strategic Planning and Regional Development KIDOKORO Tetsuo Associate Professor, Dept. of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo

Table of Contents 1. Fundamentals of Spatial Strategic Planning 2. Agro-based Regional Development Strategy 3. Case Study: Agro-based Cluster Development 2

Part I Fundamentals of Spatial Strategic Planning 3

What is a Spatial Strategic Planning ? • Spatial – it is concerned with the location of people, their work and other activities and with how different places relate to each other • Planning – a set of governance practices for developing and implementing strategies, plans, policies and projects, and for regulating the location, timing and form of development. • Strategic – it offers a broad, long-term, comprehensive twenty-year view for achieving more balanced patterns of development. 4

Spatial Strategic Plan and Socio-economic Development Plan • Spatial Strategic Plan should: Ø identify broad spatial development patterns through infrastructure development plan and land use policy in line with the Socio-economic Development Plan Ø address to the issues of environmental sustainability Ø set down indicative policies in relation to the location of industrial development, residential development, services, rural development, tourism and heritage. 5

Environmentally Sustainable Spatial Strategy (1) • developing sustainable urban and rural settlement patterns and communities to reduce distance from employment, services and leisure facilities • promoting cost-effective provision of public services • contributing to the evolution of socially integrated communities in both urban and rural areas 6

Environmentally Sustainable Spatial Strategy (2) • maximizing access to and encouraging use of variety of transport modes such as public transport, cycling and walking • minimizing the consumption of non-renewable resources like soils, groundwater and agricultural land • avoiding adverse impacts on environmental features such as landscapes, habitats and protected species, river catchments, the maritime environment and the cultural heritage 7

Process of the Formulation of Spatial Strategy Vision Mission Issue Issue Feedback Monitoring Evaluation Action Action 8

Features of Spatial Strategy • Identification of cross-sectoral issues and actions • Horizontal as well as vertical coordination among different levels of governments • Bottom-up and participatory formulation process • Partnership among the government, the private, social/civic sector in implementation 9

Project Plans and Strategic Plans Project Plan Strategic Plan material action until adoption continuous closed open Time limited to phasing central issue Form blueprint-like continually updating Effect well known frame of reference Object Interaction Future Source: Mastop, H. J. M. (1999), “the Performance Principle in Strategic Planning”, in Salet, W. and Faludi, A. eds. , The Revival of Strategic Planning, Amsterdam, 1999 10

Some Key Concepts (1) • Potential: the capacity that an area possesses, or could in future possess, for development: natural resources, population, labour, economic and social capital, infrastructure and its location relative to markets. • Cluster: the spatial proximity which relates to size and concentration of activities that enables a range of services and facilities to be supported. 11

Some Key Concepts (2) • Regional Hubs: have a strategic location and provide national and regional scale social, economic infrastructure and support services. • Local Hubs: A number of local centers will act as local hubs, within their sphere of influence by providing a range of services and opportunities for employment. Rural potential will draw upon local economic strengths, supported by local hubs as a focus for economic and social activity and residential development. • Linkages: in terms of good transport, communications and energy networks are vitally important to enable places and areas to play to their strengths. 12

National Spatial Strategy, Ireland 13

Components of Spatial Strategic Planning • Infrastructure Development Strategy • Service Center Strategy (Identification of different roles of service centers and allocation of facilities such as public transport, educational, medical, cultural, R&D facilities, etc. ) • Land Use Regulation and Natural/Historic Preservation Framework • Cluster based Local/Regional Economic Development Strategy, etc. 14

Stuttgart Regional Plan 1998 Spatial Structure Besigheim Backnang Bietigheim. Bissingen Vaihingen/Enz G: Industrial Development W: Residential Development Ludwigsburg Kornwestheim Winnenden Korntal-Münchingen Ditzingen Waiblingen Leonberg Sindelfingen Fellbach Weinstadt Stuttgart Esslingen Leinfelden. Echterdingen Ostfildern Böblingen Schorndorf Filderstadt Göppingen Kirchheim/ Teck Nürtingen Geislingen a. d. Steige Herrenberg Regionalplan Region Stuttgart 1998 15

Stuttgart Regional Plan 1998 (excerpt) 16

Stuttgart Regional Plan 1998 Transportation Prioriy to Public Transport • Supporting Stuttgart 21 • Expanding the rail network • Expanding and improving road network 17

Stuttgart Regional Plan 1998 Environment Regional landscape planning l Providing landscape parks l 18

Part II Agro-based Regional Development Strategy

Industrial Cluster Strategy • Industrial Cluster: inter-related group of enterprises, government institutions, organizations which belong to a certain sector of industry with spatial proximity • Competitive advantage of the region is strengthened through the formation of industrial cluster • Example: industrial districts in Central/Northern Italy 20

Components of Industrial Cluster and Roles of the Government Sector - Regulatory reform - Coordination among govt. agencies - Export promotion - Private sector investment promotion - Establishment of Input professional training/education institutes - Promotion of research in local universities - Information collection/compilation and distribution - Provision of cluster oriented transport/IT infrastructure Competition - Appropriate standard Market Supporting industries - Promotion of innovation - Accreditation - To be an sophisticated client - To support forum among related parties - To attract related enterprises - To develop cluster oriented free trade zone, supplier industrial park, etc. M. E. Porter 21

Rural-Urban Linkage Strategy Basic sector Growth Pole Strategy Large Industry Rural-Urban Linkage Strategy Local-based SME Inter-urban systems Hierarchical Horizontal Rural-urban Relation Dependent Planning style Top-down Reciprocal Bottom-up Major policies -Infrastructure network to strengthen rural-urban linkage -Diversification of rural industry -Expansion of urban services -Major infrastructure -Incentive for industrial decentralization Source: based on Douglass (1997) 22

Part III Case Study Agro-based Cluster Development 23

Diversification of Local Products One Village, One Product in Oita, Japan • Promotion of diversification of local products through strengthening of association of people and human resource development 24

One Village, One Product in Oita, Japan 25

One Village, One Product in Oita Role of the Government • Promotion of the competition among villages, towns for their new products • Marketing activities through the accreditation and creation of the brand “one village, one product” • Promotion of “Local production, Local consumption” • Technical Assistance by Prefectural research institutions • Assistance of the formation of associations of local people through leadership training 26

Harnessing of Initiative, Creativity and Inventiveness of Community Residents Matsumoto Settlement, Ajimu Town, Oita Prefecture • Agro-commercial ventures (e. g. contract cultivation of soybeans through a farming association and establishment of a community showcase store in Oita City (a Regional Center City), launch of a community web site. • The Ajimu Matsumoto New Valley Club plays the central role in running community-based green tourism by organizing music concerts, film festivals, production activity-based events and other activities enjoyable to both residents and visitors 27

Ajimu Town Inside of the community showcase store “Mame-no-Chikara-ya” Farmers House Stay Experience Tourism Production of stone-ground soybean tofu during Milk Vetch Festival as Educational Tourism for Children 28

Promotion of Starting Up of Community-based Business for Production, Direct Sale Uchiko Town, Ehime Prefecture • A public-private joint venture established in 1996 through joint investment by the Town Government, community-based organizations and town residents has set up a local specialty direct sales store • A facsimile and a POS system have been introduced to efficiently manage the shipping and sale of "freshly picked" farm products. • Besides, women’s group has set up an organization dedicated to the research, development and manufacture of processed farm products. 29

IT based Management, Uchiko Town • Hourly sales information Shipping Additional shipping Shipping reservations (product item, quantity and unit price) Sales information Producer ID information Agricultural Information Bar code printing Center Farm products direct sales store Online input of sales data POS monitor screen Consumers • Sales analysis information • Market condition information • Weather information • Consumer needs information • Other Farm households Orders and consumer Payment through feedback electronic transfer Banks and other financial institutions Multifunction facsimile Bar codescreen Farm products direct sales store POS system Karari-net (Fax + POS system) 30

Uchiko Town Direct Sales Shop “Karari” Renovate Elementary School Building used as Children’s Play House in the Town Center Renovated Traditional Japanese Opera House “Uchiko-Za” in the Town Center Preserved Historic Town Center receiving many tourists 31

Case Study: Yogyakarta Agro-Cultural based Cluster Development in Surrounding villages Town Center as the Regional Service and Economic Center 32

Handicraft Cluster Development based on Informal Network Formation Yogyakarta 33

Participatory Village Development, Yogoyakarta Participatory Village development meeting Strengthening of rural-urban transport linkage through collaborative work among the government and the local residents 34

Framework for Sustainable Regional Development Participation in development process Access to the market system Improvement of quality of life Preservation of Natural Environment and culture Fostering social network of learning and Mutual Trust Local Governance 35