Material Classification and Package Types L08 Objectives END

Material Classification and Package Types (L-08)

Objectives: END This presentation: • describes the requirements and procedures how the material to be transported has to be classified and assigned to an appropriate material and packaging type in compliance with the graded approach of package types. • provides regulatory requirements for each package type. • provides a flow diagram for classification of radioactive material into appropriate UN number and all essential steps to classify the radioactive material according to the requirements of the transport regulation. Contents

Contents: END • The concept of classification and selection of materials and package types • The main requirements for materials and package types • Flow diagram for classification of radioactive material into appropriate UN number • Summary January 2022 3 Contents

Scope of material classification END • Any material (other than material excluded ) containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration (Bq/g) and the total activity in the consignment (Bq) exceed the exemption values specified in Table 2 of SSR-6 are within the scope of SSR-6 • If this does not apply (that means at least one parameter is lower than the values in Table 2) the material is exempted from the Transport Regulations SSR-6 • If this applies the material to be transported has to be classified and assigned to an appropriate material and packaging type in compliance with the graded approach of package types as specified in SSR-6. • The material to be transported becomes the permissible radioactive contents of the appropriate packaging January 2022 4 Contents

“Packaging” and “Packages” are terms of vital importance in Transport Regulations END To remember: – Package - The packaging with its radioactive contents as presented for transport – Packaging - The assembly of components necessary to enclose the radioactive contents completely + RADIOACTIVE CONTENTS = PACKAGING PACKAGE Contents

Basic radionuclide values important for exemption and classification of Radioactive Material (RAM) END The basic radionuclide values are to be found for each radionuclide in Table 2 of SSR-6. For example: A 1 can only be used for special form radioactive material (special form certificate of the competent authority must exist) and A 2 for all other forms of RAM (para 201) January 2022 6 Contents

Package Type Options for Transporting Radioactive Material END The following package types can be used to transport radioactive material: • Excepted packages • Industrial packages Types IP-1, IP-2, IP-3 • Type A packages • Type B packages • Type C packages • Other (Fissile, UF 6) RAM classified as LSA-I or SCO-I may also be transported unpackaged Contents

Concept of classification END • For the classification the properties of the RAM to be transported must be considered as well as the criteria of the appropriate packaging. • The main RAM properties to be considered are: – Form of the material [gas, liquid, solid, special form (para 415), low dispersible radioactive material (para 416)] – Radionuclide inventory and total activity – Type of material (if applicable) • RAM as integral part of an instrument or article (paras 423, 426) • RAM for which limits of average specific activity apply: Low specific activity material LSA (para 226) • RAM as a solid object which is not itself radioactive but contaminated: Surface contaminated object SCO (para 241) – Quantity of fissile material (para 222) January 2022 8 Contents

Concept of classification (cont. ) END • Based on the analyses of the RAM properties, the RAM can be classified and transported according to one of the following options to which also UN numbers is assigned: – – – RAM with very limited total activity in excepted packages RAM with limited average specific activity as LSA material RAM with limited surface contamination as SCO RAM with limited total activity up to A 1 or A 2 in Type A package RAM with total activity exceeding A 1 or A 2 in Type B(U) or Type B(M) package – RAM with total activity exceeding 3000 A 2 or 3000 A 1 in Type C package for air transport only – RAM with fissile material which is not fissile excepted (para 417); to be assigned as described above but with additional package design considerations to assure criticality safety – RAM which can not assigned as above as special arrangement January 2022 9 Contents

RAM in Excepted Packages END RAM with very limited activity can be transported as excepted package of four different types, each of which having a single UN number and a proper shipping name (Table 1 of SSR-6): Excepted package UN 2908 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE - EMPTY PACKAGING UN 2909 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE - ARTICLES MANUFACTURED FROM NATURAL URANIUM or DEPLETED URANIUM or NATURAL THORIUM UN 2910 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE - LIMITED QUANTITY OF MATERIAL UN 2911 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE INSTRUMENTS or ARTICLES January 2022 10 Contents

Quantity limits of Radioactive Material in Excepted Packages UN 2908 and UN 2909 END UN 2908: Empty packaging, which had previously contained radioactive material and for which the internal non-fixed contamination does not exceed 400 Bq/cm² (beta-/ gamma emitters) and 40 Bq/cm² (alpha-emitters) (100 times the external surface contamination limits for all packages) UN 2909: Unlimited quantities in articles manufactured from • natural uranium, • depleted uranium, or • natural thorium if enclosed in an inactive sheath of metal Contents

Quantity limits of Radioactive Material in Excepted Packages UN 2910 and UN 2911 END UN 2910: Limited quantity of material in any form with an activity not exceeding the limits specified in column 4 of Table 4 of SSR-6 ( see next slide) UN 2911: Radioactive material that is enclosed in or is included as a component part of an instrument or other manufactured article with an activity not exceeding the limits specified in columns 2 and 3 of Table 4 of SSR-6 (see next slide) Contents

Quantity limits of Radioactive Material in Excepted Packages UN 2910 and 2911 END Table 4 of SSR-6: Activity limits for Instruments or Articles and Limited Quantiy of Materials in excepted packages ACTIVITY LIMITS UN 2911 Physical State of contents Solids: special form other form Liquids Gases tritium special form other forms January 2022 UN 2910 Instrument or article Item limits 10 -2 A 1 10 -3 A 1 A 2 10 -2 A 2 10 -3 A 2 2 x 10 -2 A 2 10 -3 A 1 10 -3 A 2 Materials Package limits 10 -1 A 2 10 -3 A 2 10 -4 A 2 2 x 10 -1 A 2 10 -1 A 1 10 -2 A 2 2 x 10 -2 10 -3 A 1 10 -3 A 2 13 Contents

Main requirements for excepted package END • An excepted package – contains radioactive material in limited quantity (fractions of A 1/A 2) representing low hazard – must only meet general design requirements to withstand routine conditions of transport – has no test requirements – has a Surface dose rate ≤ 5 μSv/h – requires No competent authority (CA) approval but the consignor must , on request, make available for inspection by the relevant CA, documentary evidence of the compliance of the package design with all applicable requirements Contents

EXAMPLE FOR EXCEPTED PACKAGE: EMPTY CONTAINER END • This package was used for transporting radioactive material. It is empty now. • The internal and external contamination levels are within the specified limits. • It is an excepted package • UN 2908, Empty packaging Contents

EXAMPLE FOR EXCEPTED PACKAGE: ARTICLES MADE OF DEPLETED URANIUM END • This is an EMPTY industrial radiography exposure device. • The shielding material used in this device is depleted uranium, which is housed within a non-radioactive metal sheath. • Though it is made of depleted uranium, because it is empty and is housed within a non-radioactive metal sheath, it is an excepted package: UN 2909, ARTICLES MANUFACTURED FROM NATURAL URANIUM or DEPLETED URANIUM or NATURAL THORIUM Contents

Classification as LSA material END Low specific activity material (LSA material) shall mean radioactive material which by its nature has a limited specific activity, or radioactive material for which limits of estimated average specific activity apply. There are 3 categories of LSA material: – LSA-I generally consists of uranium and thorium ores and their concentrates, of natural or depleted uranium and thorium compounds, material with unlimited A 2 value or material with a specific activity not exceeding 30 times the exempt concentration. (para 409(a)) – LSA-II material includes material for which the average specific activity does not exceed 10 -4 A 2/g for solids and gases and 10 -5 A 2/g for liquids (para 409(b)) – LSA-III material consists of radioactive material that is distributed throughout with a specific activity not exceeding 2 x 10 -3 A 2/g (para. 409(c)) January 2022 17 Contents

Classification as SCO END RAM may be classified as SCO subject to the following conditions: • A surface contaminated object (SCO) must be a solid object that is not itself radioactive but which has radioactive material distributed on its surface. There are 3 categories of SCO. • SCO-I, SCO-II and SCO-III have specific limits for the maximum non-fixed contamination and fixed contamination, and combined non-fixed/fixed contamination on accessible surfaces. (para 413) January 2022 18 Contents

UN Numbers and proper shipping names for LSA Material and SCO END Low specific activity radioactive material UN 2912 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (LSA-I) UN 3321 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (LSA-II) UN 3322 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (LSA-III) UN 3324 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (LSA-II), FISSILE UN 3325 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (LSA-III), FISSILE Surface contaminated objects UN 2913 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, SURFACE CONTAMINATED OBJECTS (SCO-I, SCO-II or SCO-III) UN 3326 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, SURFACE CONTAMINATED OBJECTS (SCO-I or SCO-II), FISSILE January 2022 19 Contents

Package requirements for LSA Material and SCO END • LSA material and SCO must be packaged in Industrial Packages of Type IP-1, IP-2 or IP-3 in accordance with Table 5 of SSR-6 (see following slides) • Except LSA material and SCO in groups LSA-I, SCO-I and SCO-III which may be transported unpackaged under certain conditions (para 520) • Further requirements which have to be observed for transport of LSA material and SCO in Industrial Packages are: Ø Activity limits for conveyances according to Table 6 of SSR-6 (see following slides), and Ø The limitation of the total quantity of LSA material or SCO in a single Industrial Package such that the external dose rate at 3 m from the unshielded contents does not exceed 10 m. Sv/h (para 517) January 2022 20 Contents

Requirements for Industrial Package Types and LSA/SCO contents END Table 5 of SSR-6: Industrial package requirements for LSA material and SCO Radioactive contents January 2022 Industrial package type Exclusive use Not exclusive use LSA-I Solid Liquid Type IP-1 Type IP-2 LSA-II Solid Liquid and gas Type IP-2 Type IP-3 LSA-III Type IP-2 Type IP-3 SCO-I Type IP-1 SCO-II Type IP-2 21 Contents

Conveyance limits for LSA/SCO in Industrial Packages or unpackaged END Table 6 of SSR-6: Conveyance activity limits for LSA material and SCO in Industrial Packages or unpackaged Nature of material Activity limit for Conveyances other a hold or compartment than inland waterway of an inland waterway craft LSA-I No limit LSA-II and LSA-III No Limit 100 A 2 100 A 2 10 A 2 Non-combustible solids LSA-II and LSA-III Combustible solids and all liquids and gases SCOa January 2022 a For SCO-III see para. 522 22 Contents

Main requirements for Industrial Packages END • An Industrial package – is mainly used for radioactive waste transport – carries radioactive material which must be classified as Low Specific Activity (LSA) material or Surface Contaminated Objects (SCO) – must meet the design requirements for excepted packages + parts of design requirements to withstand normal conditions of transport (parts of Type A tests for IP-2 and IP-3, no tests for IP-1)) – has surface dose rate ≤ 2 m. Sv/h – has dose rate at 3 m distance from unshielded LSA/SCO contents ≤ 10 m. Sv/h – requires no competent authority (CA) approval but the consignor must, on request, make available for inspection by the relevant CA, documentary evidence of the compliance of the package design with all applicable requirements Contents

EXAMPLE FOR LSA MATERIAL IN INDUSTRIAL PACKAGES (IP) END • Uranium ore concentrate is an LSA Material, which is transported in an IP-1. • Low level radioactive waste, also an LSA Material, can be transported in IPs. Contents

RAM in Type A packages END RAM may be transported in Type A packages provided that the total activity of the package contents does not exceed: • A 1 for RAM in special form, or • A 2 for RAM in any other form. If the contents contains a mixture of radionuclides the appropriate A 1 or A 2 value must be calculated (para 430) The following UN numbers and proper shipping names are assigned: Type A package UN 2915 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE UN 3327 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE, FISSILE UN 3332 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE, SPECIAL FORM UN 3333 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE, SPECIAL FORM, FISSILE January 2022 25 Contents

Main requirements for Type A Package END • A Type A package • contains RAM with activity ≤ A 1 or A 2 • meets Type A package design requirements, including Type A tests, to withstand normal conditions of transport • has surface dose rate ≤ 2 m. Sv/h • requires no competent authority (CA) approval but the consignor must , on request, make available for inspection by the relevant CA, documentary evidence of the compliance of the package design with all applicable requirements • is probably the most common of all package types, used extensively to transport radiopharmaceuticals, such as Mo-99, I-125/131, P-32 etc. Contents

EXAMPLE FOR TYPE A PACKAGES END • Radiopharmaceuticals such as iodine-131 and technitium-99, which are used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy, are transported in Type A packages. (Activity ≤ A 2) • Nuclear gauge sources (level monitors, thickness gauge sources, density gauge sources, etc. ), which are sealed ISO sources of low activity, are transported in Type A packages. (Activity ≤ A 1) Contents

RAM in Type B(U) or Type B(M) packages END If the total activity of the RAM to be transported exceeds A 1 or A 2 it may be classified as material in a Type B(U) or Type B(M) package. The allowable contents of the Type B(U) or Type B(M) package is as specified in the package design approval certificate issued by the competent authority. For air transport the contents of a Type B(U) or Type B(M) package must not exceed the following activity limits: Ø for special form material: 3000 A 1 or 105 A 2, whichever is lower Ø for all other material: 3000 A 2 Ø for LDRM: as specified in the certificate of approval January 2022 28 Contents

UN numbers and proper shipping names for RAM in Type B(U) or Type B(M) packages END Type B(U) package UN 2916 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE B(U) PACKAGE UN 3328 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE B(U) PACKAGE, FISSILE Type B(M) package UN 2917 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE B(M) PACKAGE UN 3329 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE B(M) PACKAGE, FISSILE January 2022 29 Contents

Main requirements for Type B(U) or Type B(M) Package END • A Type B package – is necessary for large quantities of RAM with activities exceeding A 1 or A 2 – contains RAM as specified in the package design approval certificate – meets Type B package design requirements to withstand accident conditions of transport – has a surface dose rate ≤ 2 m. Sv/h – is subject to CA approval and a valid package design approval certificate as Type B(U) or Type B(M) package must exist – is subject to Type B tests to simulate accident conditions of transport Contents

TYPE B PACKAGE FOR TELETHERAPY AND BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES END Teletherapy source, e. g. , cobalt-60, activity typically 37 TBq, is transported in appropriately designed– Type B(U) or Type B(M) packages (Activity > A 1, A 2) Brachytherapy source, e. g. cobalt-60, activity varying from 1 TBq to 1. 85 TBq, is transported in appropriately designed – Type B(U)/(M) package (Activity > A 1, A 2) January 2022 31 Contents

BLOOD IRRADIATORS AND INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY DEVICES END Blood irradiator, e. g. , cesium-137 source, activity typically 4 TBq, is transported in a Type B(U) or B(M) package. (Activity > A 1, A 2) An industrial radiography device, e. g. iridium-192, if activity exceeds 600 GBq, is an approved Type B(U) package. January 2022 32 Contents

Classification of RAM in case of uranium hexaflourid (UF 6) END • Particular care must be taken with UF 6 due to its special physical properties and significant subsidiary hazards (chemical and toxical hazards) in addition to its radioactive and fissile properties. • To take these non-radiological concerns into account, packages containing UF 6 in quantities of 0. 1 kg or more have to meet additional requirements beyond those associated with the package type required by their radioactive and/or fissile nature (paras 631 -634). • UF 6 must be assigned to one of the following UN numbers only: a) UN 2977, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE, FISSILE b) UN 2978, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE, non-fissile or fissile-excepted and, if UF 6 can be classified as non-fissile or fissile excepted and its quantity is less than 0. 1 kg it can be transported in an excepted package: c) UN 3507, URANIUM HEXAFLOURIDE, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE Contents

Classification of RAM if transported under Special Arrangement END • As an exceptional case, RAM may be transported under Special Arrangement, if a transport is needed and can not be performed in full compliance with all applicable requirements of the Regulations. • Such a Special Arrangement is subject to multilateral competent authority approval. The applicant must demonstrate to the CA that the overall level of safety in transport is at least equivalent to that which would be provided if all applicable requirements had been met. • The following UN numbers are assigned: a) UN 2919, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TRANSPORTED UNDER SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT b) UN 3331, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TRANSPORTED UNDER SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT, FISSILE Contents

Classification of RAM if transported under Special Arrangement (cont. ) END • Examples for Special Arrangements are – the transport of a disused source for which a special form certificate is no longer valid or/and an appropriate packaging is no longer available and can not be designed and built, or – The transport of large components from a nuclear facility which is activated and contaminated and which does not allow to design an appropriate packaging due to its big mass and size. Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of Radioactive Material END As described above, RAM should be classified and assigned under the appropriate UN number and associated proper shipping name. The following flow diagram summarizes all essential steps to classify the radioactive material to be transported according to the IAEA Transport Regulations SSR-6. January 2022 36 Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of RAM (non-fissile or fissile excepted) (1) Start Activity ≤ AL or AC (236, Table 2)(1)(2) Y END Exempt N Radioactive Material (107)(2) (a) An integral part of the means of transport; (b) Moved within an establishment; (c) Implanted or incorporated into a person or live animal; (d) In or on a person, transported for medical treatment (e) In consumer products; (f) Natural material and ores provided that the activity concentration does not exceed 10 times AC. (g) Non-radioactive solid objects contaminated on any surfaces ≤ 0. 4 Bq/cm 2 for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha; or ≤ 0. 04 Bq/cm 2 for all other alpha emitters. (107 g, 214). N Y (1) AL - activity limit for an exempt consignment in Table 2 of SSR-6, AC - activity concentration for exempt material in Table 2 of SSR-6, (2) The number in ( ) – the paragraph number or table of SSR-6, Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of RAM (non-fissile or fissile excepted) (2) END Excepted package UF 6 < 0. 1 kg (425, Table 4) Y Package surface dose rate ≤ 5 µSv/h (516) Y Excepted package UN 3507 N Level of internal non-fixed contamination does not exceed 100 times the levels specified in para. 508; Empty Packaging (427) Y Excepted package UN 2908 N N Manuf U/Th – articles manufactured from natural uranium or depleted uranium or natural thorium; Manuf U/ Th (426) Y Excepted package UN 2909 N Physical state of contents Package limits Solids Liquids Special form Other form 10 -3 A 1 10 -3 A 2 Gases 10 -4 A 2 Tritium Special form Other form 2 x 10 -2 A 2 10 -3 A 1 10 -3 A 2 Limited quantity (424, Table 4) Y Excepted package UN 2910 N Physical state of contents Item limits Package limits Solids Liquids Special form Other form 10 -2 A 1 10 -2 A 2 A 1 A 2 Gases Tritium Special form Other form 10 -3 A 2 2 x 10 -2 A 2 10 -3 A 1 10 -3 A 2 10 -1 A 2 2 x 10 -1 A 2 10 -2 A 1 10 -2 A 2 Instruments or Articles (423, Table 4) Y Excepted package UN 2911 N Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of RAM (non-fissile or fissile excepted) (3) END IP-1 (Table 5) or Y SCO-I (413 a) Y Unpackaged (520) UN 2913 N Industrial Package Type IP-1, IP-2, IP-3 The external dose rate at 3 m from the unshielded material or collection of objects ≤ 10 m. Sv/h (517) and the total activity in a single hold or compartment of an inland watercraft, or in another conveyance does not exceed the limits (522, Table 6). SCO-II (413 b) Y IP-2 (Table 5) UN 2913 N IP-1 or IP-2 (Table 5) or LSA-I (409 a) Y Unpackaged (520) UN 2912 N LSA-II (409 b) Y IP-2 or IP-3 (Table 5) UN 3321 N N N LSA-III (409 c) Y IP-2 or IP-3 (Table 5) UN 3322 Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of RAM (non-fissile or fissile excepted) (4) N Type A Special Form (239, 415) UN 2915 N Air Transport N Y Activity ≤ A 2 (429, Table 2) Y END Activity ≤ A 1 (429, Table 2) Y Type C Package (431, 432) Y Type A UN 3332 N Activities not greater than the following? (433) Y (a) For LDRM — as authorized for the package design as specified in the certificate of approval, (b) For special form radioactive material — 3000 A 1; or 100 000 A 2, whichever is the lower; or (c) For all other radioactive material — 3000 A 2. Typ B Package Y N Type C UN 3323 Contents

Flow Diagram for Classification of RAM (non-fissile or fissile excepted) (5) Type B(U) Package (431, 432) Y END Type B(U) UN 2916 N Type B(M) Package (431, 432) Y Type B(M) UN 2917 N Transport prohibited, but see Special Arrangement (310) Radioactive Material for which classification into one of the above UN Numbers is impractical, may be transported, subject to competent authority approval. Transport under Special Arrangement UN 2919 Contents

Summary END • The material to be transported has to be classified and assigned to an appropriate material and packaging type in compliance with the graded approach of package types as specified in SSR-6. • For this purpose the properties of the RAM to be transported must be considered as well as the criteria of the appropriate packaging. • Optimal characterization of the RAM, regarding mainly form and type of material, radionuclide inventory and total activity and if applicable amount of fissile material, is an essential pre-requisite for optimal material classification and package selection. • Package selection should also take into account contents limits and shipment constraints for different transport modes. • By using the flow diagram for classification of radioactive material into appropriate UN number proper package selection can be supported. Contents

END Thank you for your attention…. . Questions…. . ? Contents