MATERI 8 EXTRA EMBRYONIC GERM LAYER IMPLANTASI DAN

MATERI 8 EXTRA EMBRYONIC GERM LAYER, IMPLANTASI DAN ORGANOGENESIS MK. Ilmu Reproduksi LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB 1

SUB POKOK BAHASAN • Implantasi • Pembelahan ectoderm, mesoderm dan endoderm • Material Recognition of embryo • Proses plasentasi dan lapisan-lapisan plasenta • Perkembangan embrio selama kebuntingan • Proses terbentuknya organ tubuh • Peristiwa apoptosis dalam pembentukan organ tubuh LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB 2

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Implantation Trinil susilawati 2010 5

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Proses Implantasi Trinil susilawati 2010 9

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Development of Extraembryonic Membranes Formation of embryo Ectoderm Mesoderm Four Placental Membranes 1. Chorion 2. Yolk Sac 3. Amnion 4. Allantois Endoderm Day 16 Outgrowth of Hindgut

Amnioinc Cavity Amnion Chorion Yolk Sac Expands to fill chorion Allantoic Cavity Day 18 Allantois Chorio Allantois Blood vessels formed are connected to fetus through umbilical cord

Function of Fetal Membranes and Fluids Yolk sac: Early nutrient supply for early embryo. Picks-up uterine secretions from endometrium to stimulate early embryonic development Amnion: Protects fetus from injury, provides lubrication for parturition, reservoir for urine and wastes. Prevents the lungs from collapsing and opens digestive tract Allantois: Fuses with chorion (chorio-allantoic placenta), carries blood vessels of placenta, reservoir for nutrients and wastes. Umbilical cord attaches fetus to allantois. Fills with fluid to expand the Chorio-allantois against the uterine wall Chorion: Attaches to uterus, absorbs nutrients from uterus, allows maternal/fetal gas exchange, produces hormones.

Attachment of the placenta to the uterus. (Implantation) Days COW SOW EWE 30 -35 12 -20 18 -20 MARE 50 -60 Types of Implantation. A. Superficial - Chorion fuses to endometrium B. Interstitial - Embryo invades endometrium and develops in the endometrium.

Implantation Window Decrease in Muc-1 on uterine epithelial surface after progesterone receptor down-regulates allows interaction of integrins to initiate placental attachment allowing expansion of trophoblast. Trinil susilawati 2010 24

Placental Attachment in Sow Trinil susilawati 2010 25

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy Definition: Chemical message (Usually hormonal) which results in maintenance of the CL. Either through inhibiting PGF 2 a production from the endometrium, preventing release from uterus or protecting CL from PGF 2 a effects. Establishment of Pregnancy Sow Days of Estrous Cycle 12, 15 -18 Embryonic Signal Mare Estrogen In pigs, problem with moldy corn Aflotoxins are estrogenic (Ralgro) Causes pseudopregnancy & early embryonic death Treatment: get off moldy corn and give PGF 2 a Cow 14 -16 Small unknown Peptide Ewe 16 -17 12 -13 Bovine Ovine Interferon-t

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Capsule Day 15 Day 13 Cow, Ewe Only needs to be on side with CL. No effect of opposite horn Pregnancy test in Ruminants: Protein B found in blood by day 25 of Cow’s gestation Embryo Picture provided by Michel Guillomot Mare Embryo must migrate between horns from Days 12 -17. Does it almost 13 X/Day Endometrial cysts can cause problem Treatment : If embryo cannot migrate give progesterone until Day 150

Types of Placenta Diffuse Placenta Discoid Placenta Mare Sow Chorionic Plate Cotyledonary Placenta Human Cow Ewe Also Goat & Deer

Placentome in Ruminants Cow Ewe Chorion Caruncle Endometrium Mare, Sow Chorion Microcotyledon Endometrium

Placental Attachment in Ruminants Carry Placental Lactogen into maternal blood Chorion Binucleate Cell Migrate and fuse with uterine epithelium Uterine Epithelium Capillary Stroma Trinil susilawati 2010 Syncytium Fusion of Binucleate cells and uterine epithelium 31 (multinucleate)

Placentomes in Ruminants Attachment of placental cotyledons to caruncle forms placentome Maternal vascularity supplies the needed nutrients for fetal development

Microcotyledon (Fetal) Increase placental surface area Endometrial Epithelium Placental-Uterine Attachment Allantois Umbilical Vessels Chorion Microcotyledon (Maternal) Uterine Arteries Microcotyledon Endometrial Glands Uterine Veins Redrawn with permission Steven, D. H. & Samuel, C. A. . 1975. J. Reprod. Fertil. 23: 579 Endometrium

Fetal Nutrition (Farm Animals) Blood gas exchange at chorion - endometrium attachment. Placenta highly permeable to water and electrolytes i. e. , stored in and exchange between allantoic and amniotic fluids. Allows storage in allantoic fluid Fetal fat formed from fatty acids transferred across the placenta. Fetus makes proteins from transferred amino acids. Placenta converts glucose to fructose. Water soluble vitamins cross the placenta easier than fat soluble. Minerals are transferred across the placenta. In Domestic Species Antibodies to fight disease do not cross the placenta - the newborn will get these antibodies from the first milk - Colostrum.

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Placental Development in the Mare Day 40 Day 34 Trinil susilawati 2010 36

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