MATERI 5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI MISBAHUDDIN AZZUHRI SE

MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI MISBAHUDDIN AZZUHRI SE. MM. CPHR®. CSRS®. 081 555 80 8899 081 233 72 8899 dinoazzuhri@live. com misbachazzuhri@gmail. com

Learning Objectives To understand the importance of diagnostic relationships in the OD process To describe the methods for diagnosing and collecting data To understand utilize techniques for analyzing data To understand the importance of data feedback in the OD process To describe the desired characteristics of feedback content To describe the desired characteristics of the feedback process MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

OD’s 5 Stages MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Diagnosing Problem Areas (part 1 of 2) • Identification of areas for improvement. • Assess current performance and desired level of quality. • Provides information that allows for faster-reacting organization. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Diagnosing Problem Areas Structure. Adminis tration. Other elements. (part 2 of 2) Analyzes data on organization’s Interfaces. Interaction. Procedures. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

What is Diagnosis? Systematic approach to understand present state of organization. Specifies nature of problem and causes. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Provides basis for selecting strategies. Involves systematic analysis of data.

Critical Issues in Diagnosis MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Simplicity Visibility Involvement Primary factors Measure what’s important Sense of urgency

The Process MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Potential action programs. Data gathering. Interpretation. Identification of problem areas.

Steps in Diagnosis MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: • Tentative problem identified • Collect data • Analyze data Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: • Feedback data • More data needed • Problem areas identified Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: • Is client motivated? • Diagnosis and work on problem • Monitor and assess results

The Diagnostic Relationship • Who is the OD Practitioner? • Why is the practitioner here? • Who does the practitioner work for? • What does the practitioner want and why? • How will my confidentiality be protected? • Who will have access to the data? • What’s in it for me? • Can the practitioner be trusted? MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Data Collection Feedback Cycle Core Activities Planning to Collect Data MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Collecting Data Analyzing Data Feeding Back Data Following Up

Data Collection Data is an aggregation of • • Signs Signals Clues Facts Statistics Opinions Assumptions Information is data that have form and structure. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Data Collection Stages MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Definition of objectives. • Define objectives of change program. • Identify preliminary diagnosis and further information required. Selection of factors. • Identify central variables. • May be necessary to increase range and depth of data. Selection of data-gathering method. • Selection of one or more methods. • Nature of the problem helps determine method. • Variety of methods may be used.

Data Analysis Techniques used to analyze data. Dictated by method used to gather data. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Type of analysis decided prior to data collection.

Guidelines for Evaluating Effectiveness of Data Collection Hawthorne effect in data collecting Organization culture and norms. Validity of data. Cost of data collection. Time to collect data. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Sampling • Population vs. Sample • Importance of Sample Size • Process of Sampling • Types of Samples – Random – Convenience MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Questionnaires • Major Advantages – Responses can be quantified and summarized – Large samples and large quantities of data – Relatively inexpensive • Major Potential Problems – Little opportunity for empathy with subjects – Predetermined questions -- no change to change – Over-interpretation of data possible – Response biases possible MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Interviews • Major Advantages – Adaptive -- allows customization – Source of “rich” data – Empathic – Process builds rapport with subjects • Major Potential Problems – Relatively expensive – Bias in interviewer responses – Coding and interpretation can be difficult – Self-report bias possible MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Observations • Major Advantages – Collects data on actual behavior, rather than reports of behavior – Real time, not retrospective – Adaptive • Major Potential Problems – Coding and interpretation difficulties – Sampling inconsistencies – Observer bias and questionable reliability – Can be expensive MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Unobtrusive Measures • Major Advantages – Non-reactive, no response bias – High face validity – Easily quantified • Major Potential Problems – Access and retrieval difficulties – Validity concerns – Coding and interpretation difficultie MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Analysis Techniques Qualitative Tools • Content Analysis • Force-field Analysis Quantitative Tools • Descriptive Statistics • Measures of Association (e. g. , correlation) • Difference Tests MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI • New Technology • Better Raw Materials • Competition from Other Groups • Supervisor Pressures Forces for Status Quo • • Group performance norms Fear of change Member complacency Well-learned skills Desired Performance MATERI #5 Forces for Change Current Performance Force-Field Analysis of Work Group Performance

Possible Effects of Feedback occurs No Change Energy to deny or fight data Anxiety, resistance, no change NO Is the energy created by the feedback? YES Energy to use data to identify and solve problems What is the direction of the feedback? Failure, frustration, no change NO Do structures and processes turn Energy into action? YES Change MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Determining the Content of Feedback MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Relevant Understandable Descriptive Verifiable Timely Limited Significant Comparative Unfinalized

The Performance Gap* *) Difference between what organization could do and what organization is doing. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Self. Assessment Gap Analysis of Four Key Areas MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI • Organization’s strengths • What can be done to take advantage of strengths • Organization’s weaknesses • What can be done to alleviate weaknesses

Effective Feedback Meetings • People are motivated to work with the data • The meeting is appropriately structured • The right people are in attendance – knowledge – power and influence – interest • The meeting is facilitated MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Survey Feedback Process MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI Members involved in designing the survey The survey is administered to the organization The stakeholders work with the data to solve problems or achieve vision The data is analyzed and summarized The data is presented to the stakeholders

Limitations of Survey Feedback • Ambiguity of Purpose • Distrust • Unacceptable Topics • Organizational Disturbances MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI

Case: OD Application Data Collection and Diagnosis at Mc. Donald’s In ‘ 02 Mc. Donald’s identified a problem based on earnings and profitability. Lack of data on customers prevented identifying problem. In ‘ 03 adopted system to gather data over long term. Data obtained from: • Mystery diners who graded stores. • In-depth interviews with customers. Data analysis showed solution: • Deliver better experience for customers. MATERI #5 PROSES DIAGNOSA INFORMASI