MASS PRODUCTIONMASS DESTRUCTION WWI 1914 1918 Killed more

MASS PRODUCTION/MASS DESTRUCTION

WWI � � 1914 -1918 Killed more people than any previous war in Europe Called a “world war” because European countries had colonies that were involved Fought on 3 continents: Europe, Middle East and Africa

4 MAIN causes “The Powder Keg” • Militarism – “the more guns, the better” • Alliances – “I got your back” • Imperialism – “Lets conquer more territory” • Nationalism – “My country is better than yours”

The Spark � � � � Austria-Hungary is a multi-ethnic nation One of those ethnicities is Slavs Large Serbian (a Slavic group) population in A-H Serbia thinks they should be part of Serbia The Archduke (prince) of A-H, Franz Ferdinand, visits Bosnia, which used to be part of Serbia While there, he is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand Tragic, but no big deal…or is it? Hmmm…

� � � A-H blames Serbia for the Assassination Declares war Serbia’s ally, Russia, declares war on A-H (they’re both slavic) Germany declares war on everyone (invades Belgium to get to France= Schlieffen Plan) G. B. declares war on Germany Within a week, Europe is at war- everyone happy: “over in a month”

� Main Allies � Great Britain � France � Russia (until 1917) � U. S. (beg. 1917) � Central Powers � Germany � Austria-Hungary � Ottoman Empire

Fighting the War

“If ever there is a true hell on earth, it is here in the trenches. ” -WWI Soldier • Most of WWI was a stalemate • Soldiers dug trenches to hold their positions • Often had to stand in water and mud for days • Trench foot • Rats

Land between trenches was called “no man’s land” When soldiers attacked it was called “going over the top”

The Christmas Truce • Began on Christmas Eve, 1914 (Belgium) • Between the Germans and the British • They sang songs, exchanged gifts, had funerals, and played soccer, Germans won 3 -2

New Weapons of WWI • • Tanks Airplanes Tear gas Mustard gas Flamethrowers Machine guns Submarines

All Quiet on the Western Front • Famous book about WWI • Written by Erich Maria Remarque • Describes the horrors of WWI from the German perspective

Ending the War � � In 1917, the U. S. enters the war Lusitania, Zimmerman telegram, u. s. w. Fresh and healthy troops Turns the tide of war in favor of the alliesprevents Germans from taking France

� � Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 January 1919 - Paris peace conference begins The conference was dominated by the “Big Four” European politics is polarized (left vs. right)

The Big Four • • • Great Britain France Italy United States Who’s missing?

� � U. S. president is Woodrow Wilson His plan of peace is called the 14 Points One of the points calls for a “League of Nations” “An attack on one is an attack on all”

The League of Nations • Self-Determination of the peoples of Europe (decolonization) • End of secret alliances • Reduction of military forces • Resolution of disputes through discussion

Results of the war � � � 8 -10 million died Millions of refugees (many emigrate to the U. S. ) Influenza epidemic starts with soldiers and spreads around the world, killing 20 million Environmental damage No one really gained anything

The Mandate System � � � European victors want to colonize German and Ottoman possessions Wilson says “no, what about selfdetermination? ” Agree to the mandate system � Class C- small populations- basically colonies � Class B- medium populations- will gain independence “someday” � Class A- Arab countries- nearly independent

Results of the Treaty of Versailles • Map of Europe is redrawn-9 new countries • France and G. B. want revenge on Germany – Germany is crippled • China does not like Treaty – May Fourth Movement

� � Germany: Is officially blamed for the war Forced to pay reparations- 30 bill. Has their military disbanded

U. S. reaction • U. S. congress does not enter the League of Nations • Wilson has a stroke • Women leave the workforce as men return • Women gain the right to vote in the U. S. , Britain, and Germany

WWI and Africa � � Fighting takes place throughout Africa Millions of Africans served in colonial armies Were forced to grow crops and sell them cheaply to Europeans (financial contribution) 3 mil. worked as porters for European armies (carried equipment)

� � � After Germany’s loss, its African colonies were taken away by other European countries In South Africa, the economy improved due to a demand for gold and copper Who did and did not benefit from this? Where large groups of Europeans settled, the suffering of natives was greater Men worked in mines and plantations- brutal

Japan � � Joined the Allies during WWI Increased production (no competition) More demand for Japanese products after Gained territory in China and N. Pacific

Middle East � � � Most battles not fought in Europe were fought in the Mid East Balfour declaration- advocates the creation of a Jewish state…sort of Mandate System- seen as another form of colonization

Ottoman Empire � � Young Turks- advocated ethnic homogeneity “Turkification”, centralized rule, and a constitution Take over govt. hire a German general to train their army Armenian genocide During war, Greeks and European allies take over parts of Anatolia

� � 1919 Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal and other army officers take back Anatolia Completely westernizes govt. – no more sultan, secular govt. , suppresses Muslim courts and schools, and replaces Arabic with Latin; even changed clothing; no veil, no fez

Russia � � WWI demolished the old guard in Russia; leads to civil war and revolution Russia is in debt Russia still lags behind in industrial output Agriculture is unproductive; little technology

The Bolshevik Revolution � � � � Army runs out of ammunition and supplies Russia’s economy breaks under the strain of war Led by Vladimir Lenin, peasants rise up in a communist revolution- overthrow govt. , kill Czar Nicholas II and his family Is this what Marx predicted? When Lenin dies, Joseph “man of steel” Stalin, takes over (real name: Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) Much more nationalistic “Purges”

Lenin Stalin

China � � � During the war, Japan takes territory from China Qing dynasty loses legitimacy; warlords End of Manchu (Qing) dynasty-1911 -12 Leader of the Guomindang (GMD) or Revolutionary Alliance is Sun Yat-Sen He is elected as the first president of China Democracy will not last

The Roaring Twenties � � � U. S. becomes a major power after WWI Industrial boom Mass consumption New technology Decline in unemployment

Depression � � � U. S. economy is pretty strong after WWI But some practices help lead to the depression (credit; huge agricultural surpluses; ‘buying on margin’) Stock market crashes (Black Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1929) Rampant unemployment Worldwide event; Germany hit hard Britain and France fared a little better because they used their colonies to buy products