Martinis Visual Anatomy and Physiology First Edition Martini

Martini’s Visual Anatomy and Physiology First Edition Martini w Ober Chapter 20 - Respiratory System Lecture 11 1

Lecture Overview • Overview of respiration • Functions of breathing • Organs of the respiratory system – Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses – Pharynx – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchial tree – Lungs 2

Respiratory System Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. It consists of the following events (in the order you should know): • *pulmonary ventilation • *external respiration • transport • internal respiration • cellular respiration Functions of the respiratory system We breathe: 1. To provide O 2 for cellular respiration and 2. To rid our bodies of CO 2 (waste gas) 3

Other Functions of the Respiratory System • • • Speech and vocalization Provides scaffold for sense of smell Control of p. H Help produce angiotensin II Movement of blood and lymph Useful in urination, defecation, and childbirth 4

Organs of the Respiratory System Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 Upper respiratory tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx, (larynx – some texts) ‘ynx’ pronounced like ‘inks’ Lower respiratory tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs Conducting portion carries air; nose to the terminal bronchioles Respiratory portion exchanges gases; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli 5

Location of Lungs Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 Apex Base 6

Upper Respiratory Tract Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why? 7

Anatomy of the Nasal Region Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, Mc. Graw Hill, 2007 The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air 8

Please don’t do this! 9

Paranasal Sinuses Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that drain into the nasal cavity Sinuses: 1. Reduce skull weight 2. Serve as resonating chambers Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 10

Mucous in Respiratory Tract Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air. Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1 -5 µm) to pharynx The Mucus Escalator Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production 11

Larynx (Voice Box) Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 C 4 -C 5 Larynx (Laryngeal prominence; Adam’s Apple) C 6 anterior Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage posterior 12

Larynx Inelastic Vestibular folds Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis Protective Posterior Sound Vocal folds (cords) Elastic Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 13

Vocal Folds (Cords) Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 Posterior Closed Sound originates in vocal folds (cords) but is modified to create recognizable speech by: - Pharynx - Mouth - Nasal cavity - Sinuses Open Posterior Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles. 15

Movement of the Vocal Folds Speech Inhalation Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, Mc. Graw Hill, 2007 16

Trachea & Primary Bronchi Posterior Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus (T 5) (T 6) Anterior C-rings of cartilage: 16 -20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent) Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 17

Try not to inhale seeds!! The growing tree!! http: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1169861/Shocked-Russian-surgeons-open-man-thought-tumour--FIR-TREE-inside-lung. html 18

Tracheotomy / Tracheostomy Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 19

The Lungs 3 lobes 2 lobes Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 20

Transverse Section of Lungs Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 Note that the pleural space is a ‘potential’ space and under a vacuum 21

The Bronchial Tree From 1 to > 65, 000 branches!! How many levels of branching would that be? Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, Mc. Graw Hill, 2007 22

Bronchial Tree Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12 th edition, 2010 23

Bronchial Tree ) u m h e a (C lag i t r e scl ) ) e scl ot o m +s u m h ot o m (S Bronchioles e scl e, mu g a til ooth r ca sm o (N /no few Alveolar structures Primary Alveolar ducts Secondary (lobar) Alveolar sacs Tertiary (segmental) Alveoli Intralobular Trachea Terminal Respiratory Know this chart Which parts here constitute the conducting portion of the respiratory tree? 24

Bronchial Tree Carina Bronchi - Primary; w/ blood vessels - Secondary (lobar); two on left, three on right - Tertiary (segmental); supplies a bronchopulmonary segment; 10 on right, 8 on left Bronchioles - Intralobular; supply lobules, the basic unit of lung - Terminal; 50 -80 per lobule - Respiratory; a few air sacs budding from theses Bronchioles are to the respiratory system what arterioles are to the circulatory system Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 Intralobular 25

Lobules of the Lung (Intralobular) The Lobule is the basic unit of structure and function in the lung Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium, few cilia, and no goblet cells Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 26

Alveoli Septal (Type II) cells produce surfactant to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing 28

Review • Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body – Made up of five events • We breathe – To take in O 2 – To eliminate CO 2 • Organs of the respiratory tract – Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx – Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs 29

Review • Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air – Trap particulate matter • Sinuses – Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity – Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber • Pharynx – Back of mouth (throat) – Passage of food/air; aids in speech 30

Review • Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body – Made up of five events • We breathe – To take in O 2 – To eliminate CO 2 • Organs of the respiratory tract – Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx – Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs 31

Review • Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air – Trap particulate matter • Sinuses – Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity – Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber • Pharynx – Back of mouth (throat) – Passage of food/air; aids in speech 32

Review • Larynx (voice box) – – Cartilaginous structure Passageway for air entering trachea Keeps foreign objects out of trachea Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach) • Trachea – Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis – Cartilage prevents collapse • Bronchial Tree – Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) – Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory) – Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli) 33

Review • Bronchi – – Cartilage and smooth muscle Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary Secondary; lobar – 2 on left, 3 on right Tertiary; segmental • Bronchioles – – Smooth muscle mainly Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule) Terminal; 50 -80 per secondary lobule Respiratory; have air sac budding off • Alveolar structures – Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage – Ducts, sacs, alveoli – Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O 2, CO 2) 34

Bronchial Tree ) u m h e a (C lag i t r e scl ) e scl ot o m +s Bronchi Trachea ) u m h ot o m (S Bronchioles e scl e, mu g a til ooth r ca sm o (N /no few Alveolar structures Primary Alveolar ducts Secondary (lobar) Alveolar sacs Tertiary (segmental) Alveoli Intralobular Terminal Respiratory Which are conducting, which are respiratory? 35

Review • Lungs – Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum – Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity – Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels pass – Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch) – Right lung has three lobes – Lobules • Formed by connective tissue division of lobes • Basic structural and functional units of lung • Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics 36