Marten G G 2001 Human Ecology Basic concepts

摘取自：Marten. G. G. 2001. Human Ecology: Basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan pub. Ltd. Drift net story (流刺網的故事) Social System Ecosystem 人類活動 食物 魚類 漁撈 能量循流 技術 漁民 物質循環 鳥類 聯合國 政府 民眾 資訊 海豚和海狗 保育團體 Ecological services Fig. 4. Chain of effects through ecosystem and social system (commercial fishing in the ocean) 6

生態科學(Ecosciences) 的發展史 (一) l l l l 1970 s Conservation + Landscape + Restoration (復育) 1960 s Ecology 才逐漸被認為是重要的「科學」。 1950 s 各自發展屬於自己領域的「人類生態學」。 1940 s Social ecology + Cultural ecology 1930 s 1920 s 生態學的理論基礎 1910 s Animal Ecology + Human Ecology (人類生態學 ) l 1900 s Ecology 成為「生物學」中三大部之一。 l 1866 Haeckel, Ernst : 第一個使用 Ecology 7

生態科學(Ecosciences) 的發展史 (二) l l 2000 s Business Ecology + Information Ecology + Knowledge Ecology + 大學系所(doctoral degree) 1990 s Journal of Industrial Ecology + Ecoefficiency l 1980 s Eco-Industrial park + Deep Ecology + Spiritual Ecology + Radical ecology + Ecoethics l 1970 s Industrial Ecology + Conservation + Landscape + Restoration (復育) + EIA l 1960 s Ecology 才逐漸被認為是重要的「科學」。 8

人類生態學 (Human Ecology) 自然生態與人文社會的介面(interface) l 基進生態學 (Radical Ecology) l l 應用生態學 (Applied Ecology) l l l (生態文學與生態論述) 保育生物學 (Conservation Biology) 復育生態學 (Restoration Ecology) 地景生態學 (Landscape Ecology) 生態旅遊 (Ecotourism) 事業生態學 (Business Ecology) l l l 業生態學 (Industrial Ecology) 資訊生態學 (Information Ecology) 知識生態學 (Knowledge Ecology) 9

Human ecology could help to 1. Anticipate the long-range environmental consequences of human actions (預測長期影響) 2. Avoid disastrous surprises from the environment (避免環境災難) 3. Generate ideas for dealing with environmental problems (化解環境問題之道) 4. Maintain a livable and sustainable relationship with the environment. (維持可持續的關係) 10

2 事業、社會、與環境的變遷(歷史背景) 污染 (成本外溢) Fig. 5 a. Four organizational models: Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 摘取自：Abe, J. M. , P. E. Dempsey, and D. A. Bassett (1998) Business Ecology, giving your organization the natural edge. Butterworth-Heinemann. 11 11

污染者付費 輸出的管制 Fig. 5 b. Four organizational models: Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 12 12

生產效率的提昇 輸入的管理 Fig. 5 c. Four organizational models: Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 13 13

生產系統 Post-1990 圖 6. 生產系統管理必要回歸 原點(向後轉)。 Odum, E. P. (1997) Ecology: A bridge between science and society. Sinauer 14 14 Associates, Inc.

保育生物學的特質 (pervasive) 1. A discipline responding to an immense crisis. (無限的危機) 2. A multidisciplinary science 3. An inexact science (不精確的科學) l Precautionary principle (禁漏原則) 4. A value-laden science (含有價值的科學) 5. A science with an evolutionary time scale 6. A science of eternal vigilance (無休止的警覺 性) 15

生物多樣性保育的價值觀 Burden of proof (舉證責任) l When biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable (生物多樣性，只有利用的價值) l l When biodiversity is intrinsically as well as instrumentally valuable (另有內在的價值) l l l Burden of proof 是在 conservationists Burden of proof 是在 developers 禁漏原則 (precautionary principle) 價值 → 選擇 → 決策 → 政策 → 結果 17 17

3 事業 生態學 Abe, J. M. , P. E. Dempsey, and D. A. Bassett (1998) Business Ecology, giving your organization the natural edge. Butterworth. Heinemann. 20

Industry’s sustainability learning process l l l Before 1970 s: unprepared (none) 1970 s: 1 st era: compliance (承諾): reactive (反應) 1980 s: 2 nd era: beyond compliance: anticipatory(事 先預防)：regulatory standards (法規標準) 1990 s: 3 rd era: eco-efficiency (生態效率): profit center approach 2000 s: 4 th era: sustainable development (可持續發 展): high integration (explicit mainstreaming of environmental goals 業生態長(師)：可持續的 作機會 摘取自：Nattrass, B. and M. Altomare (1999) The natural step for business: wealth, ecology and the evolutionary corporation. New Society Publishers. (p. 16, Fig. 2. 1) 24 24

Industrial Ecology ( 業生態學) 學術界 Initiated a degree program in 2001 l NTNU in Trondheim (Norway) (挪威) l l Yale University (USA)(美國), l l l Industrial ecology, a degree program at both the undergraduate and Ph. D. research levels. Forestry and Environmental Management University of Troyes (France) (法國) The Mount Royal College in Alberta (Canada) (加 拿大) 26 26

information ecology and sustainability (可持續性) l Agenda 21 (21世紀議程) - from the 1992 earth summit at rio de janeiro (里約熱內盧) 1. 資訊(informaiton)、數據與溝通 (communication) 2. 使用(access) 、參予與分享 3. 教導、教育與警覺 (aware) l l l 建構「資訊生態學」的學程(1998 -1999)：英國 運用網路，作為組織的 具 (1999)：NGOs 轉型至基於知識(knowledge) 的經濟 (2000) 資訊生態師 (長) 27 27

多元文化和諧的理想世界 l. Ayo 台南站 http: //mail. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng l. E-mail : Japalura@hotmail. com 30