Mars moon Phobos as seen by ESAs Mars
Mars moon Phobos, as seen by ESA's Mars Express. Phobos is about 25 kilometers in length and does not have enough gravity to compress it into a ball. It orbits so close to Mars that sometime in the next 20 million years, tidal forces will break up Phobos into a ring slowly spiral down and crash onto the red planet. The Russian whose pieces will mission Phobos-Grunt is scheduled to launch and land on Phobos next year.
Kirkwood Observatory Open House Out-of-class Activity: Every clear Wednesday evening for the rest of the semester. Check website for details.
A 100 Movie Special Tuesday, March 23 Swain West 119 7: 00 pm (153 minutes) Winner of several awards 20 activity points!
Homework #6 is due Wednesday, March 24, 2: 30 pm Homework #7 will be posted shortly. It will be due next Monday
Exam #2 Wednesday, March 31 Review session will be held next Monday, time and location to be announced
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
Newton’s Law of Gravity
The Acceleration of Gravity (a force) As objects fall, they accelerate (a = g = Fgrav/m). We use the special symbol g to represent the acceleration due to the force of gravity. At sea level on the Earth, g = 9. 8 m/s each second, or g = 9. 8 m/s 2. The higher you drop the ball, the greater its velocity will be at impact (force will be acting on it longer).
Weight is the force of gravity acting upon an object : W = Fg = mg
Galileo demonstrated that g is the same for all objects, regardless of their mass!
Is Mass the Same Thing as Weight? ● ● mass – the amount of matter in an object weight – a measurement of the force due to gravity acting upon an object W = mg F = ma (weight) When in free-fall, you still have weight! “weightless” is a misnomer
● ● Objects do have weight in space Free-fall often confused with weightlessness
Now, some questions…
Tidal Forces Because the gravitational force decreases with (distance)2, the attractive force experienced by one object (e. g. , the Earth) due to the gravitational field of a second object (e. g. , the Moon) varies with position (closest parts attracted most strongly). �� ��
�� ● �� Now look at what happens when we measure the forces relative to the center of the Earth. ��
Tidal Friction
Tidal Friction ● ● ● This fight between Moon’s pull & Earth’s rotation causes friction. Earth’s rotation slows down (1 sec every 50, 000 yrs. ) Conservation of angular momentum causes the Moon to move farther away from Earth.
Synchronous Rotation ● ● …is when the rotation period of a moon, planet, or star equals its orbital period about another object. Tidal friction on the Moon (caused by Earth) has slowed its rotation down to a period of one month. The Moon now rotates synchronously. – We always see the same side of the Moon. Tidal friction on the Moon has ceased since its tidal bulges are always aligned with Earth.
● Most of the large moons in the solar system are in synchronous rotation.
Now we are ready to examine the solar system!!
We want to understand how the solar system was formed and how it got to be in the state that it is today. Look for patterns and physical characteristics of the solar system.
What does any theory of the formation and evolution of the solar System have to account for?
The Sun: A fairly typical star Predominately H and He Most of the mass in the solar system. Rotates in same sense that planets orbit.
t Nine planets h g i e Need to understanding the similarities and differences between the planets, moons, asteroids, & comets
People of earth. Help!!!!
Planetary orbits: 1) Prograde 2) approximately coplanar 3) approximately circular Rotation: 1) Mostly Prograde 2) Includes sun 3) Includes large moons
Terrestrial Jovian � Two “flavors” of planets
Ø Ø Ø Ø Size – “smaller” Location – closer to Sun Composition – rocky/metallic Temperature – hotter Rings – none Rotation rate – slow Surface – solid Atmosphere – “minimal” Mars Earth Venus Mercury Terrestrial Planets
Mercury No moons Venus No moons Earth Mars One moon Two moons
Ø Ø Ø Saturn Neptune Ø Size – “larger” Location – farther from Sun Composition – gaseous (mostly H, He) Temperature – cold Rings – ubiquitous Rotation rate – fast Surface – not solid Atmosphere – substantial Uranus Ø Jupiter Jovian Planets
Jupiter >61 moons Uranus > 27 moons Saturn > 31 moons Neptune > 13 moons
Surface features of solid objects in solar system
Craters are ubiquitous
There are lots of smaller objects in the Solar System, some are rocky and some are icy
Asteroids small Rocky Odd-shapes nearly circular orbits orbit planes are near Ecliptic Plane orbits in inner part of solar system
The “asteroid belt”
Asteroids
Gaspra Deimos Mars’ moons and the asteroid Gaspra Phobos
Comets “small” icy highly eccentric orbits all orbit inclinations
Comet Wild Halley’s Comet
Comet Tempel 1 (“Deep Impact”)
Comets are found mainly in two regions of the solar system
Kuiper Belt Objects UB 313 (1500 miles)
So how do we account for what we see in the solar system?
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