Mark Weber 12 October 2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Mark Weber 12 October 2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory 2007 ICNS-1 MEW 5/2/2007

MPAR Multifunction Phased Array Radar Multi-Purpose Airport Radar MIT Lincoln Laboratory 2007 ICNS-2 MEW 5/2/2007

Lincoln Laboratory ATC Program History 1970 1980 1990 Discrete Address Beacon System Mode S Surveillance and Communications Microwave Landing System Beacon Collision Avoidance System TCAS Moving Target Detector Communication, Navigation and Surveillance ASR-9 Mode S Surface Comms Automation Weather 2000 UAS Airport Surface Detection Equipment SLEP Proc. Augmentation Card Parallel Runway Monitor GPS Applications Runway Status Lights ADS-B Airport Surface GCNSS/SWIM Traffic Automation Terminal ATC Automation NASA ATM Research Storm Turbulence Terminal Doppler Weather Radar SLEP ASR-9 Wind Shear Processor NEXRAD Enhancements Multi Function Phased Array Radar Integrated Terminal Weather System Aviation Weather Research Wake Vortex Corridor Integrated Weather System MIT Lincoln Laboratory 2007 ICNS-3 MEW 5/2/2007

National Air Surveillance Infrastructure Future Today ASR-9 ASR-8 ARSR-1/2 ARSR-3 NEXRAD ASR-11 ADS-B ARSR-4 TDWR FAA transition to Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) dictates that the nation re-think its overall surveillance architecture. Needs: MPAR Weather (national scale and at airports) ADS-B integrity verification and backup Airspace situational awareness for homeland security 2007 ICNS-4 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Today’s Operational Radar Capabilities Function Terminal Area Aircraft Surveillance (ASR-9/11) Maximum Range for Detection of 1 m 2 Target 60 nmi En Route Aircraft Surveillance (ARSR-4) 205 nmi Airport Weather (TDWR) 212 nmi Nationwide Weather (NEXRAD) 225 nmi Required Coverage Range 60 nm 250 nm 60 nmi 250 nmi Altitude Angular Resol. Az El 20, 000' 5 o >18 pulses PRI ~ 0. 001 sec 5 sec 2. 0 >10 pulses PRI ~ 0. 001 sec 12 sec 0. 5 ~50 pulses PRI ~ 0. 001 sec 180 sec 1 ~50 pulses PRI ~ 0. 001 sec >240 sec 60, 000' 20, 000' 50, 000' 1. 4 1 1 Scan Period Waveform* Weather surveillance drives requirements for radar power and aperture size Aircraft surveillance functions can be provided “for free” if necessary airspace coverage and update rates can be achieved Active array radar an obvious approach, but only if less expensive and/or more capable than “conventional” alternatives 2007 ICNS-5 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Outline • Perspectives on operational needs • A specific MPAR concept • Summary 2007 ICNS-6 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Key Questions • What are the operational driver’s for the “next generation” ground weather radar network? – Improved low altitude coverage, particularly at airports? – Volume scan update rate? – Capability to observe low-cross section phenomena (e. g clear air boundary winds)? – High integrity measurements, devoid of clutter, out-of-trip returns, velocity aliasing, etc. ? • What are requirements for the ADS-B backup system? • Are additional non-cooperative aircraft surveillance capabilities needed to maintain airspace security? 2007 ICNS-7 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

U. S. Airport “Weather” Radars Current WSR-88 D network does not provide the near-airport low altitude coverage or update rate (30 – 60 sec) needed by terminal ATC 2007 ICNS-8 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Airport Weather Radar Alternatives Analysis TDWR NEXRAD ASR-9 Airplane Lidar LLWAS Sensors Considered Without TDWR Wind Shear Detection Probability 2007 ICNS-9 MEW 5/2/2007 With TDWR ITWS “Terminal Winds” Accuracy MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Preliminary Findings • Easy to make the case for high capability airport weather radar at pacing airports (e. g. NYC, ORD, ATL, DFW, . . ) – Large delay aversion benefits associated with high quality measurements of adverse winds and precipitation (>$10 M per year per airport) • Business case for “TDWR-like” capability at smaller airports less convincing – Alternative solutions may provide adequate safety margin – Weather related delay benefits small • Implications for MPAR – Scalability key to realizing cost-effective solutions – Airport-specific integrated observation system configurations will be appropriate in some cases (e. g. western U. S. “dry sites”) 2007 ICNS-10 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

ADS-B Backup Separation Services Map 2007 ICNS-11 MEW 5/2/2007 Airspace Type Separation En Route SSR 5 nm Altitude Yes Beacon Range 250 nm 200 nm Coverage Area 2, 820, 000 nm 22 2, 820, 000 nm Terminal SSR PSR Terminal PSR No coverage Beacon No Yes Pilot 60 nm 60 40 nm 40 nm nm 314, 000 nm 2 2 661, 000 314, 000 nm nm 22 661, 000 nm 3 3 nm nm MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Required Surveillance Performance (RSP) Methodology 2007 ICNS-12 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

RSP Derived from En Route Radar Capabilities* Currently Acceptable (sliding window SSR) Registration Errors Range Errors Location Bias 200’ uniform any direction Azimuth Bias 0. 3 uniform Radar Bias 30’ uniform Radar Jitter = 25’ Gaussian = 0. 230 = 0. 068 Azimuth Error Azimuth Jitter Data Quant. (CD 2 format) Range 760’ (1/8 NM) Azimuth 0. 088 (1 ACP) Uncorrelated* Sensor Scan Time Error 10 -12 sec Transponder Error Range Error (ATCRBS) 250’ uniform = 144’ Location Error RSP Analysis *Only applies for multiple sensors 2007 ICNS-13 MEW 5/2/2007 Latest Technology (monopulse SSR) Separation Errors (at 200 NM @ 600 kts) = 1. 0 NM 0. 30 NM = 0. 8 NM = 0. 25 NM 90% < 1. 4 NM 99% < 2. 4 NM 99. 9% < 3. 3 NM 90% < 0. 43 NM 99% < 0. 76 NM 99. 9% < 1. 02 NM *Supports 5 nmi separation MIT Lincoln Laboratory

RSP Derived from Terminal Radar Capabilities* Currently Acceptable (sliding window SSR) Registration Errors Range Errors Intermediate (primary radar) Location Bias 200’ uniform any direction Azimuth Bias 0. 3 uniform Radar Bias 30’ uniform Latest Technology (monopulse SSR) Radar Jitter = 25’ Gaussian = 275’ Gaussian = 25’ Gaussian Azimuth Error Azimuth Jitter = 0. 230 = 0. 160 = 0. 068 Data Quant. (CD 2 format) Range 95’ (1/64 NM) Azimuth 0. 088 (1 ACP) Uncorrelated* Sensor Scan Time Error 4 -5 sec Transponder Error Range Error (ATCRBS) 250’ uniform = 144’ N/A 250’ uniform = 144’ Location Error = 0. 20 NM 0. 15 NM 0. 10 NM = 0. 16 NM at 40 nm = 0. 12 NM at 40 nm = 0. 08 NM at 60 nm 90% < 0. 28 NM 99% < 0. 49 NM 99. 9% < 0. 65 NM 90% < 0. 20 NM 99% < 0. 35 NM 99. 9% < 0. 46 NM 90% < 0. 13 NM 99% < 0. 23 NM 99. 9% < 0. 32 NM RSP Analysis *Only applies for multiple sensors 2007 ICNS-14 MEW 5/2/2007 Separation Errors (at specified range @ 250 kts) *Supports 3 nmi separation MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MPAR RSP Analysis 20: 1 Monopulse 4. 4 antenna beamwidth meets Terminal RSP Separation Error 4. 6 antenna beamwidth meets En Route RSP Separation Error 2007 ICNS-15 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Enhanced Regional Situation Awareness System Elements SENSORS Wide Area FAA Radars And Data Bases Mode-S RCVR 3 -D NORAD TADIL-J Elevated Sentinel Radars Visual Ground Based Sentinel Radars Hi-Res EO Sites Hi-Perf EO/IR and Warning Systems FUSION Redundant Networks • Lincoln facilities provided infrastructure for rapid system development Evidence Accrual and Decision Support Primary Facility Fusion and Aggregation – Radar and camera sites – FAA data feeds and fusion – Network connectivity • Lincoln developed Integrated Air Picture, Decision Support, ID, and Visual Warning deployed for operational use in NCR USERS Redundant Networks Fan-out to Multiple Users Air Situation Decision Support Display and Camera Control 2007 ICNS-16 MEW 5/2/2007 Portable Air Situation Display MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Lincoln Perspectives on Role of FAA Surveillance Systems • Current primary/secondary radars “as is” will provide an essential backbone to homeland air picture and decision support system • Enhancement recommendations – “Network compatible interface” – External access to unfiltered target detections (amplitude, Doppler velocity, …) – Target height information would be very valuable • Do. D/DHS will deploy ancillary sensor as necessary to meet specific operational needs 2007 ICNS-17 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Outline • Perspectives on operational needs • A specific MPAR concept • Summary 2007 ICNS-18 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Concept MPAR Parameters Aircraft Surveillance • Diameter: 8 m TR elements/face: 20, 000 Dual polarization Beamwidth: 0. 7 (broadside) 1. 0 (@ 45 ) Gain: > 46 d. B • Weather Surveillance 2007 ICNS-19 MEW 5/2/2007 Transmit/Receive Modules Wavelength: Bandwidth/channel: Frequency channels: Pulse length: Peak power/element: Non cooperative target tracking and characterization 334 MPARS required to duplicate today’s airspace coverage. Half of these are scaled “Terminal MPARS” Active Array (planar, 4 faces) • 10 cm (2. 7– 2. 9 GHz) 1 MHz 3 30 s 2 W Architecture Overlapped subarray Number of subarrays: 300– 400 Maximum concurrent beams: ~160 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Concept MPAR Capability Summary • Airspace coverage equal to today’s operational radar networks. • Angular resolution, minimum detectible reflectivity and volume scan update rate equal or exceed today’s operational weather radars – Ancillary benefits from improved data integrity and cross-beam wind measurement • Can easily support 3 -5 nmi separation standards required for ADSB backup • Can provide non-cooperative aircraft surveillance data of significantly higher quality that today’s surveillance radars – – 2007 ICNS-20 MEW 5/2/2007 Altitude information Substantially lower minimum RCS threshold MIT Lincoln Laboratory

2 W Dual Mode T/R Module Parts Costs Item Quantity HPA 2 SP 2 T 3 LNA 1 BPF 1 Diplx 1 Vect Mod 3 Load 1 Board 1 Unit Cost $2. 37 $4. 00 $1. 69 $3. 00 v $1. 50 $2. 14 $2. 00 $20. 00 Total Cost $4. 74 $12. 00 $1. 69 $3. 00 $1. 50 $6. 42 $2. 00 $20. 00 Total = $51. 35 • • Parts costs driven by SP 2 T switches and multi-layer PC board fabrication Packaging / test costs not included 2007 ICNS-21 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Preliminary Parts Cost Estimates Equivalent Cost per Element - Parts Only Component Pre-Prototype Full Scale MPAR Antenna Element $1. 25 T/R Module $115. 00* $51. 00** Power, Timing and Control $18. 00 Digital Transceiver $12. 50 $6. 25 Analog Beamformer $186. 00*** $55. 00**** Digital Beamformer $18. 00 $8. 00 Mechanical/Packaging $105. 00 $25. 00 $455. 75 $164. 50 Totals: * Assumes 8 W module incl RF board with sequential polarization ** Assumes 2 W module and sequential polarization (updated 18 Sept 2007) *** Assumes standard beamformer in azimuth **** Assumes hybrid tile/brick architecture with RFIC overlapped subarray beamformer 2007 ICNS-22 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Summary • As a community, we are making substantial progress in exposing requirements for the Next Generation surveillance radar network – Multifunction, active array (MPAR) approach continues to be a leading candidate • Low cost is the key to success of MPAR – ‘Commercial’ approach needed to achieve extremely low cost goals • We are ready to solicit input from industry on specific design concepts and cost • Need to sell concept to policy makers – Compelling operational application demonstration – Business case substantiating agency cost savings 2007 ICNS-23 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory