Mark Scheme Mark Scheme Economic Development and ecosystem

Mark Scheme

Mark Scheme

Economic Development and ecosystem degradation BIODIVERSITY UNDER THREAT Learning Intentions: To understand what economic developments can do to ecosystems

Question 1 There an estimated 13 -14 million species in the world. How many of those have been recorded and described? A: 1. 75 million B: 5 million C: 7 million D: 11 million The answer is A

Question 2 What is the biggest threat to species? A: Habitat loss B: Hunting, fishing and collecting C: Alien invasive species The answer is A Habitat loss and degradation affect 89% of all threatened birds, 83% of mammals, and 91% of threatened plants.

Question 3 How many plant species are used in medicines worldwide? A: 100 - 200 B: 1, 000 - 2, 000 C: 10, 000 - 20, 000 D: 100, 000 - 200, 000 The answer is C In addition, 10 of the world’s 25 top-selling drugs in 1997 were derived from natural sources. Aspirin originally came from willow tree extracts, and an estimated 75% of the world’s population use traditional medicines derived directly from natural sources.

Question 4 The Rosy Periwinkle is a plant species native to Madagascar. What condition is it used to treat? A: Kidney stones B: Heart disease C: Leukaemia D: Rheumatism The answer is C Originally native to Madagascar, the Rosy Periwinkle is now grown throughout the world and is also used to treat Hodgkinson disease.

Question 5 Which country has the most endangered plants in the world? A: Indonesia B: Malaysia C: Ecuador D: Brazil The answer is C Ecuador has the most with 975. Malaysia has the second-most with 683, followed by Indonesia with 383 and Brazil with 381.

Question 6 Wild wheat varieties found in Turkey have a genetic property valued at $US 50 million a year. What is it? A: Resistance to pesticides B: High levels of vitamin A C: Resistance to plant disease D: Twice yearly crops The answer is C Similarly, Ethiopian wheat varieties have provided protection from viral pathogens to barley now grown in California worth US$160 each year.

Question 7 The Sumatran tiger is at risk of extinction. Which everyday product is behind the threat? A: Hamburgers - the tiger’s rainforest home is being cut down to make way for cattle. B: Paper - logging companies are exploiting the forests for paper pulp. C: Toothpaste - workers collecting an ingredient from the sap of a certain tree are disturbing the tiger’s breeding cycle. D: All of the above. The answer is B are true. Loss of forest habitat is a major threat to the Sumatran tiger. The remaining animals are being pushed back by logging companies which exploit Indonesia's lowland rainforests to supply the world with paper pulp.

Question 8 What happened when a predatory snail from the US was introduced on the Pacific island of Moorea to control an imported African edible snail? A: The edible snails shells were too tough to crack, so the predatory snails died out. B: The predatory snail picked up a local disease, which was then carried back to the US in imported goods. C: Instead of eating the African edible snail, the predator turned on a local species, which is now at risk of dying out. D: The predatory snail was palatable to a local monkey species, and the sudden abundance of food triggered a population explosion. The answer is C Alien species, particularly those introduced by migrating humans - affect 30% of all threatened birds and 15% of all threatened plants.

Question 9 During the 1990 s, by how much was the Earth's forest cover reduced every minute? A: 0. 37 football pitches B: 3. 7 football pitches C: 37 football pitches D: 370 football pitches The answer is C This takes into account the 1. 8 of the world’s forest cover which was regained through reforestation during the decade, as well as the 4. 2% which was lost due to threats such as logging, land clearance for agriculture and forest fires.

Question 10 Dinosaurs were wiped out in the mass extinction 65 million years ago - or were they? Which modern day group of animals do many experts say are technically dinosaurs? A: Crocodiles B: Komodo dragons C: Frogs D: Birds The answer is D Many palaentologists believe birds descend directly from a particular group of dinosaurs called the Maniraptorians. Some experts say that strictly speaking the birds still belong to this group.

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation What is the difference between degradation and destruction?

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation – loss of quality Destruction – loss of an ecosystem, total clearance In many Savannah areas of Africa and in some rainforests, a secondary forest mosaic has replaced the pristine forest. The relationship between ecosystem state and economic development is a complex one a balance between players and pressures.

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation What do you think the relationship is? STATE OF ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation Areas can be classified as Pristine Degraded Protected What is meant by each and can you think of any examples

Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation Using the hand outs describe and explain the impact economic development has on ecosystems…using the examples Udzungwa Mountains Masai Mara St. Lucia Pristine Area A Degraded area A protected area

Degradation Case Study Each pair will be assigned one of the 3 locations You must then create a fact file for homework, which you will then give to the rest of the class so you have a fact file for each You need to make sure you: • Include maps, and locate study area • Include some facts and figures • Identify the players

Which is better? These case studies identify the conflicts that can occur between local people and wider world when it comes to biodiversity. So what is better top down or bottom up approaches?