Mark E Damon All Rights Reserved Mark E

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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Round 1 Round 2 Lasher’s Legions Final Jeopardy Party Card Animals Fun Meter Fanatics

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved The Church Wars Prosperity & Poverty Social & Gender Roles Monarchies Colonies Round 2 $100 $100 Final Jeopardy $200 $200 Scores $300 $300 $400 $400 $500 $500

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 At the Diet of Worms in 1521 he said, “If…I am not convinced by proof from the Holy Scripture…I neither can nor will retract anything; for it cannot be either safe or honest for a Christian to speak against his conscience. Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise; God help me! Amen. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Who is Martin Luther? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 In this 1598 edict, Henry IV of France declared, “…It is permitted to all lords, gentlemen, and other persons making profession of the said religion called Reformed, holding the right of high justice [or a certain feudal tenure], to exercise the said religion in their houses…”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the Edict of Nantes? (It granted toleration to the Heugenots, but was later revoked by Louis XIV in the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Originally designed as an institution to combat religious dissent in the Catholic Church, its sentences typically consisted of penances like wearing a cross or going on a pilgrimage. It was later used to combat witchcraft, and in Spain, it punished Jewish / Muslim converts who authorities feared had fallen back to their previous religion.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the Inquisition? (from Medieval Latin “inquisitio” – a court process that was based on Roman law) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 In addition to the Doctrine of Faith (as opposed to Works), John Calvin argued for this doctrine, which is the belief that God has foreordained whatever is to come to pass, including which souls will be granted salvation.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is the Doctrine of Predestination? Scores

$500 This example of two of these helped launch the Protestant Reformation: © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 6. “The pope himself cannot remit guilt, but only declare and confirm that it has been remitted by God…” 41. Papal indulgences should only be preached with caution, lest people gain a wrong understanding, and think that they are preferable to other good works: those of love. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are the 95 Theses? (posted by Martin Luther on the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg (Germany) on October 31, 1517) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to his armies during the Peninsula War.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Who is Napoleon? (In contrast to previous art that depicted war as grand glorious, The Third of May 1808 portrays Napoleon’s soldiers as a faceless and monstrous force shrouded in darkness. Additionally, the outstretched hands and twisted bodies of the victims symbolize the cruelty and merciless nature of war. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This treaty brought an end to the 30 Years War (1618 – 1648), and included the principles of: 1) a Christian peace, 2) sovereignty, 3) and a balance of power.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the Treaty of Westphalia? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Known as the French & Indian War in the American colonies, this European war (known for its length in Europe) pitted Britain and Prussia against France and Austria. It resulted in British control of North America and India, and although it maintained the status quo with regards to borders in Europe, it established Prussia as one of the great European powers.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the Seven Years War? (Fought 1756 – 1763) Scores

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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The cover of this German novel from WWI translates: “Nothing new in the West: Remarque’s book is written as the memorial to all our unknown fallen soldiers”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is “All Quiet on the Western Front”? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 “The Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world” after its second siege of this city was turned back by a coalition of Austrian and Polish Lithuanian forces.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is Vienna? (King of Poland John III Sobieski commanded the relief forces that decided the battle. The first siege was in 1529. By the 19 th century, the Ottomans became known as “The Sick Man of Europe, ” and their weakness in the Balkans created a power vacuum both the Russians and Austrians were eager to fill) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 His improved design of the steam engine in 1781 marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Who is James Watt? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 According to this economic policy, the goal was to accumulate precious metals by creating a favorable balance of trade, typically done by sending manufactured goods to a colony in exchange for raw materials.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is mercantilism? (An example is the Triangle Trade) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 One of the consequences of this global economic downturn was the rise of the Nazi party in Germany. German Parliamentary Elections, 1930 -1932 NSDAP Sep 1930 Jul 1932 Nov 1932 Votes 107 230 196 % 18. 3 37. 3 33. 1

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the Great Depression? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The official graphic logo for this currency is shown below:

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is the Euro? (official currency of the European Union) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 In his 1776 work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he wrote: “…To prohibit a great people… from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Who is Adam Smith? (This economic philosophy became known as capitalism) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The name of the movement that led to Parliament granting women the vote in 1918.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is women’s suffrage? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This social class was freed in Czar Alexander II’s Emancipation Manifesto in 1861.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Who are the serfs? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 In 1791, this feminist, abolitionist, and playwright wrote the “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. ” Two years later she was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Who is Olympe de Gouges? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 This 1514 Flemish painting of burghers is not of members of the nobility, but what Marx would later refer to as the “haves. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is the bourgeoisie? (a burgher was a citizen of a town or city, and typically a member of the wealthy merchant class – The Money Changer and His Wife by Quentin Matsys, 1514) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 This first female European prime minister kept the following quote in her purse wherever she went: You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong. You cannot bring about prosperity by discouraging thrift. You cannot help the wage-earner by pulling down the wage-payer.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Who is Margaret Thatcher? (Prime Minister – 1979 to 1990. She was also the founder of the modern conservative movement) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 This 1215 document, signed by King John of England, set the stage for a limited monarchy. Paragraph 12 states, “No scutage (tax) or aid shall be imposed in our kingdom, unless by the general council of our kingdom. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is the Magna Carta? (By requiring the king to consult with the nobles on the matters of taxation, the precedent became the institution we today call Parliament – from the French parlez – to speak) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The type of government Louis XIV of France exemplified when he said, “L’état, C’est Moi”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is an Absolute Monarchy? (Translated, it means “the state, it is I” or “I am the state”) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 This royal family reached its zenith in the 16 th and 17 th centuries when it controlled Spain and its American colonies, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Holy Roman Empire, and Kingdom of Austria.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Who are the Hapsburgs? (They dynasty ended with the death of Franz Joseph in 1916) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 In his treatise, Politics Derived from the Words of the Holy Scripture (1678), Jacques Benigne Bossuet wrote of this principle: “…We have already seen that all power comes from God… (Romans 13: 4). So princes act as ministers of God and his lieutenants on earth…” It formed the basis for absolutism.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is “Divine Right”? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 As part of his drive to Westernize Russia, in 1698 this Czar imposed a beard tax on nobles.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Who is Peter the Great? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The European kingdom that originally settled the Ohio River Valley, including Erie, as seen in brown on this map.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is France? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This conference, which took place 1884 -1885, partitioned Africa without respect to ethnic, religious, or linguistic groups.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the Berlin Conference? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 After losing this war in 1842, China ceded Hong Kong to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking; it also added provisions for British extraterritoriality and most favored nation trade status.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the Opium War? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 In 1494, Pope Alexander VI signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the newly discovered lands outside Europe between these two powers.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are Portugal (Portuguese Empire) and Spain (Crown of Castille)? (Spain received lands West of the meridian, and Portugal received lands to the East) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 The name for this system that created a legal status for certain territories that were administered on behalf of the League of Nations.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are Mandates? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Italy Science Revolutions Philosophy National Identities Artists and Authors Round 1 $200 $200 Final Jeopardy $400 $400 Scores $600 $600 $800 $800 $1000 $1000

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The Doge (chief magistrate) of this Adriatic city was commonly selected from the elders of the city.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is Venice? (A type of aristocracy, Venice was governed by a doge for a thousand years, until the last one was deposed by Napoleon in 1797 – it comes from the Latin “dux” – a military leader which is commonly translated as a duke) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Along with Prussia, the Kingdom of Sardinia fought wars of unification against these two countries, leading to the unification of both Germany and Italy in 1871.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are Austria and France? (Italy gained Venetia in the Austro Prussian War of 1866, and Italy annexed the Papal States following the Franco Prussian War of 1871) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 This family of merchants and bankers governed Florence throughout the Renaissance, and were known for their patronage of the arts.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 Who are the Medicis? (Portrait of Lorenzo de’ Medici by Agnolo Bronzino. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he ruled Florence from 1469 to 1492) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II in 1508 to paint the vault of this chapel’s ceiling. It was completed in 1512.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is the Sistine Chapel? (Twenty years later, Michelangelo would return to paint The Last Judgement across the span of the wall behind the altar) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 The founder of fascism in Italy, he was commonly known as “Il Duce”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Who is Benito Mussolini? (The term fascism comes from the Latin fasces, a symbol of official power before magistrates in ancient Rome that contained a bundle of rods containing an ax with a projecting ax) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This “natural philosopher” examined the laws of motion, optics, and gravity, and along with Gottfried Leibniz, he also helped develop calculus.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Who is Sir Isaac Newton? Scores

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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 In 1616 he was called before the Inquisition by Pope Paul V “…to abandon completely…the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves, and henceforth not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in writing. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Who is Galileo Galilei? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 According to Freud, it is that part of the psyche, residing in the unconscious, that is the source of instinctive impulses that seek satisfaction in accordance with the pleasure principle.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is the “Id”? (According to Freud the Id is modified by the “Ego” and “Superego” before they are given overt expression) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 The name for the process of killing microbes (mainly bacteria) in food and drink, in honor of the French scientist who developed it in the 1860 s.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is to pasteurize or “pasteurization”? (Named after Louis Pasteur, who also developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. Advances in sanitation and medicine were the major contributors to a rapidly growing population in the 19 th century. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 In this theory, the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, yet the speed of light within a vacuum is the same no matter the speed at which an observer travels. As a result, space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as space-time. Events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another; i. e. , time itself can be relative.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is “Special Relativity” (or the Theory of Relativity)? (Developed by Albert Einstein in 1905, it later developed into “General Relativity, ” or a belief that space time is actually curved) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Lenin relied on these local councils of industrial workers and soldiers to help guide the Russian Revolution.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Who (or what) are the Soviets? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 In justifying the Reign of Terror, he said: “…If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolu tion is both virtue and terror: virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Who is Maximilien Robespierre? (from his “Report on the Principles of Political Morality” speech to the French National Convention, February 1794) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 Coincidentally, Karl Marx wrote this public declaration of principles in 1848, just as the revolutions depicted in this map began to spread across Europe.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is the Communist Manifesto? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 Unlike most revolutions that are violent, this event occurred in 1688 when King James II abdicated. The following year it led to the English Bill of Rights, which ended any chance that Britain would become an absolute monarchy.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is the Glorious Revolution? (James II was succeeded by his nephew, William of Orange, who also happened to be married to his (William’s) first cousin and the daughter of James II. Thus, William and Mary became “co regents, ” becoming king and queen of Great Britain) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 This author’s use of realism during the Industrial Revolution depicted the harsh life and moral challenges of the age, as seen here in the scene from a movie based upon his novel “Oliver Twist. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Who is Charles Dickens? (Dickens also wrote “A Christmas Carol, ” “Great Expectations, ” and “A Tale of Two Cities”) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 In The Social Contract (1762), he wrote, “…Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole…” This precept was later used by despotic governments during the Reign of Terror and by Lenin in Russia to justify terror against their citizens.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 According to Locke, the purpose of government is to protect these three natural rights. Should government deliberately transgress these rights, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government, and replace it with a new government better directed toward this purpose. It later became the legal justification for the American Declaration of Independence.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are “Life, Liberty, and Property”? (Locke’s work, entitled Two Treaties of Government, was published in 1689, the year following the abdication of James II in the Glorious Revolution) Scores

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© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 This philosophy argues the best course of action is to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of persons, without regard to the distribution of benefits and burdens. John Stuart Mill was one of its early advocates.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is Utilitarianism? (Mill began publishing a series of articles defending the principle in 1861, which was later printed as a collective work, entitled Utilitarianism) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 In his The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Montesquieu argued for a separation of powers as a way to check tyranny, dividing government into these three independent functions. Our Founding Fathers used this principle by enumerating (listing) specific powers for these three branches of government.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What are the executive, legislative, and judicial? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 This philosophy, first espoused by Kierkegaard in the 19 th century, was more clearly defined by Jean Paul Sartre in the 1940 s. It stresses the importance of personal experience and responsibility and the demands they make on the individual. In essence, it sees man as a free agent in a deterministic (all events have causes) and seemingly meaningless universe.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is existentialism? (While Kierkegaard attacked organized religion, Sartre was a self proclaimed atheist; yet, both used the phrase “existence precedes essence. ” This reverses the traditional philosophical view that the essence of a thing is more fundamental and unchangeable than its existence. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This “ism” began during the French Revolution; it helped bring about the crowning of Wilhelm I as German Emperor at Versailles, and is highlighted in the map to the right.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is nationalism? (This painting after their victory in the Franco Prussian War (1871) marks the political shift in power in continental from France to Germany; England, however, remained the dominant naval power. The loss of Alsace Lorraine by the French in that war was a major factor in the start of WWI. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 This political movement amongst the peoples of Eastern Europe, and especially between the Russians and the Serbs, argued for a common union under the hegemony (dominant influence) of tsarist Russia.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is Pan-Slavism? (The special relationship between Russia and Serbia had to do with the fact both are Orthodox Christian, whereas most other Slavic peoples are Roman Catholic) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 As opposed to the bourgeoisie, which Marx defined as the class primarily concerned for property values and conventional respectability, workers like these were known as this class.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is the Proletariat? (The Bourgeoisie were known as “the haves. ” The Proletariat, the “have nots, ” were industrial wage earners who did not possess capital or property, so their only recourse was to sell their labor to survive) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 A type of evolutionary progressivism, this 19 th century theory views the social order as the product of natural selection for those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accordance with laissez faire economics. In the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries it was used to justify imperialism and racism.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is Social Darwinism? (One of the first advocates for this theory was British philosopher, botanist, and anthropologist Herbert Spencer, who coined the term “survival of the fittest” in his work Principles of Biology in 1864. It has long since been discredited. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Derived from the Latin adjective for “free, ” this Enlightenment philosophy argued for limited and constitutional government, free speech, freedom of religion, property rights, and free trade. It formed the basis of the modern democratic state.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is classical liberalism? (liber – Latin for “book” (noun) or “free” (adjective) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Known for his clarity of form, he is considered one of the three great masters of the Italian Renaissance. In addition to the work shown here, he is known for The School of Athens.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is Raphael? (The painting depicted is known as Madonna of the Meadow, 1506, which uses Leonardo’s pyramidal composition for Mary (mother of Jesus) and the Holy Family. Along with Raphael and Leonardo, the third member of the trinity is Michelangelo. ) Scores

$400 Unlike the Italian Renaissance, which typically focused on religious scenes or the portraits of wealthy patrons, this area of northern Europe produced many scenes of common life, such as The Peasant Wedding shown here. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is “Flanders” or “the Low Countries” (Dutch and Flemish areas of northern Europe)? (The Peasant Wedding was painted in 1567 by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, one of his many scenes depicting peasant life. Flemish painters also made oil based paintings the norm) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 This literary period from the 1950’s and 1960’s shares postmodernist features. Its main theme is that “life is meaningless. ” An example is Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1953): Vladimir: Well? Shall we go? Estrago: Yes, let’s go? [They do not move. ]

$600 What is the Theatre of the Absurd? © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved (In the Theatre of the Absurd, traditional theatrical structure is often ignored, dialogue makes no sense, and characters are not grounded in reality. In Waiting for Godot, Vladimir and Estragon wait for the arrival of Godot, who never arrives. Its lack of intrinsic purpose ties it to postmodernism and Existentialism. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 In addition to being a style of painting, this period included the works of Beethoven and the Brothers Grimm.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is Romanticism? (Romanticism was a reaction to the classical period or “Age of Reason”; the painting is entitled Liberty Leading the People, by Eugene Delacroix, commemorating the July Revolution of 1830. The scene on the right is from the story of Hansel and Gretel. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 The name of the event depicted in this mural made during the Spanish Civil War.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is Guernica? (Painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937, this mural depicts the bombing of Guernica, a Basque village in northern Spain. It symbolizes the suffering and devastation of war, similar to Goya’s The Third of May 1808. It is a late example of cubism, known as Synthetic Cubism. ) Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Humanism Scores Final Jeopary Question

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved This common political adage comes from the following passage in The Prince: “…In the actions of all men and especially princes, where there is no court of appeal, the end is all that counts. Let a prince then concern himself with the acquisition or the maintenance of a state; the means employed will always be considered honorable and praise by all, for the mass of mankind is always swayed by appearances and by the outcome of an enterprise. ”

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved What is “the ends justify the means”? (Excerpt from Machiavelli’s The Prince, 1513. Humanism stressed classical culture, focusing on human experience and knowledge, as opposed to the medieval focus on God. ) Scores