Mario Manfredoni mario manfredonicabletron com 1999 Cabletron Systems

Mario Manfredoni mario. manfredoni@cabletron. com 1999 Cabletron Systems

• Data Communications company, founded in 1983 • $1. 4 B sales, $3. 1 B market cap. Presentation Cabletron • Innovators in Technology – 450 patents – 14% of revenue spent on R&D = $200 million a further $80 million on technology startups 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • $465 M cash and investments, no debt

• Worldwide Modular Switching (Dell’Oro Group) – #1 L 3 Switched 10/100 Mbps Presentation Market Position? – #2 L 2 Switched 10 Mbps – #2 L 2 Switched 100 Mbps • Worldwide Enterprise Management (IDC) – #2 Enterprise Management Platform • The Leader in Network Control Services – Directory Enabled since 1994 – Policy Management since 1996 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – #2 L 3 Switched 1000 Mbps

• Smart. Switch Router – Increased over 21% sequentially Presentation Market Segments – Currently 21% of sales • x. DSL – Sales have tripled over past 6 months – Expecting double digit sequential growth • Smart. Switching – Port shipment growth of 20% sequentially – Currently 45% of sales 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Increased over 200% year-over-year

• Software – Increased sales 35% sequentially Presentation Market Segments – High gross margin • Services – Professional services growing nearly 100% sequentially – Now 16% of sales 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Increased sales 20% year-over-year

Technology Highway: Industry Vision 1999 Cabletron Systems

1 st Wave “Connectivity” - IT as a Cost Center “Information Business” - IT as a Source of Competitive Advantage - File, Print, E-Mail - E- Business, E-Commerce Electronic Supply Chain Management - Information Distribution - Interactive Information - Web Browsing - Mass Customization - Fixed Connectivity - Death of Distance 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise 2 nd Wave Presentation The Next Wave

• Intelligence Everywhere • Information Society Presentation One Step Ahead of What’s Next • Information Economy • Interactive Internet 2 • Distance Learning • Connecting People…Not Devices • Evolving commerce from one solution for millions to millions of solutions for one…mass customization 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Information Entertainment

• Some Examples of “Critical-ness” • B 2 B Dependant Networks Supply Chain Management 1999 Cabletron Systems Vendor “The Network” Supplier Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Network is the Business

• Intranets have changed all the traffic patterns • Extranets and VPNs need to deliver utility-like service Presentation Applications Drive Infrastructure Change • IP multicast being embedded in mainstream applications • IP voice and IP video demand low latency • Voice, video and data convergence drive the need for Quality of Service • Server centralization increases backbone traffic 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • E-Commerce demands security and reliability

Tier II Infrastructure Applications Tier III Other 1999 Cabletron Systems E-Commerce, E-Business, SAP, Oracle, People. Soft, Net. Meeting, Collaboration Tools, Siebel, Bond, Agile. . . E-mail, Printing, File Sharing, WWW, Distance Learning. . . Games, Point. Cast, MP 3 Music, Single Use Apps. . . Survival & Growth - Enterprise Tier I Business Applications Presentation Enterprise Networks - IT Applications

• Increasing Popular for Training Purposes – Bandwidth impact is radically unpredictable Presentation New Application - Streaming Video – By year 2000, 18% of US businesses (Sage Research, Inc. ) • Image processing - 1/2 of all US business – Forms for Insurance, teleradiology in hospitals, etc… – Desktop videoconferences – Retrieving images 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Real time Video on the LAN

• High performance (bandwidth) • Predictability (latency, delivery, etc) Presentation Customer Expectations - More Utility-Like • Reliability (99. 999999. . . % uptime, fail over circuits, etc) • Cost effective (competitive pricing, keep costs low) • Qo. S capabilities (w/ policies and Co. S) • Simplicity (non-complex) • Manageable 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Availability

• Enterprise Solutions – Virtual Private Networks Presentation Cabletron Driving the 3 rd Wave – Policy-Based Networking • Service Provider Solutions – Emerging Internet SPs – Service Deployment Tools: Accounting, Billing, SLAs • Convergence Solutions – Voice Ready Infrastructure – Voice Over Last-mile – Voice Management – Voice Gateways, Toll Bypass 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Wire-speed L 3 Infrastructure

• IP Protocol (Vo. IP), IP Multicast • Voice, Data and Video Traffic Presentation Convergence • In the WAN – Makes financial sense – Easy to justify • Some Desktop Applications - Real Audio, Net. Meeting. . . • Phones and PC’s Stay On the Desk in the Enterprise • Integrate When the Need Arises (PBX investment) – Call centers – New buildings 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Desktop Conferencing, Multimedia and Internet Convergence

• Providing priority to the most important users • Limit the network resources provided by demanding applications (i. e. desktop video) • Control - Reduction of the need to police the network • Easier path to multiservice integration • “Future Proof” - Hardware that is policy ready helps avoid network upgrades 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Ability to guarantee Qo. S to key applications Presentation Enterprise Qo. S Features

• Packet Tagging – 802. 1 P Presentation Standards-Based Qo. S Solution – MPLS • RSVP • Traffic Shaping – Strict Priority Queuing – Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) – Class Based Queuing (CBQ) – Random Early Discard (RED & WRED) – Committed Access Rate (CAR) 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – IP To. S/Diff. Serv

Presentation SLA and Qo. S Management Baan Remote Site People. Soft SAP Baan SAP PCs PCs • Priority is relative and will be defined by who the user is and what business function they support • Allows the IT system to offer differing levels of information transport service based on differing business priorities 1999 Cabletron Systems PCs Survival & Growth - Enterprise Qo. S will be defined by application responsiveness and end user experience not by simple bandwidth reservation and measurement

• VPN technology across WAN product line • Layer 4 ‘awareness’ across product line Presentation Key Product Initiatives • SSN Integration with directory services • New policy management services: – Router access control list management – Quality of service / class of service • IP accounting & Billing • Integrated voice gateways in select WAN products 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • WWW based management across product line

• 10+ Mbps In-Building Wireless • >100 Mbps Building-to-Building Broadband Wireless Presentation Emerging Transport Technologies • 10 Gbps Ethernet • Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) • Enhanced traffic management and Qo. S across all product lines 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • 10/1000 Auto-Sensing to the desktop in 2000

Network Management Tools Cabletron’s Solutions Award Winning Products 1999 Cabletron Systems Third Party / OEM Products - Relationships Survival & Growth - Enterprise Global. Network Technology services Presentation Lastly… It Is About Selling Solutions

Application Aware Networking 1999 Cabletron Systems

• Background and Drivers • Layer 4 Switching Presentation Agenda Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Smart. Switch Router Features 1999 Cabletron Systems

Presentation The Application Aware Network Business Apps Accounting Voice over IP Caching Firewall Directory Application Aware Networking 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Video over IP

• Access Horizon is changing - 10/100 Presentation Enterprise Network - Drivers • Traffic Patterns are changing – centralised server farms – client/server, browser/server, client/client – IP Multicast embedded in mainstream applications 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • E-Commerce demands Reliability and Security

• Converging Applications - Voice, Video, Data – convergence but no request for delivery Presentation Enterprise Network - Drivers • Accountability – validate and track network activity – justification process 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – drives the Qo. S need

Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet • Multiple Applications – different services • Unicast/Multicast Browser Applications HTTP 1999 Cabletron Systems FTP E-Mail Voice Video Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Convergence

• No application differentiation Browser Applications HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video 00: 1 D: FE: 56: AC MAC MAC 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Is Layer 2 enough? Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet

Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet • Is layer 3 enough? Browser Applications HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video 134. 141. 50. 4 IP IPIP MAC MAC 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • No application differentiation

• Application Aware • The basis of Browser Applications – Qo. S – Service Levels HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video – Security – Accounting TCP/UDP IP IPIP MAC MAC 1999 Cabletron Systems Unique Ports Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet

• Consider Vo. IP 1999 Cabletron Systems Network Bandwidth • Static Qo. S Definitions SAP BAAN Oracle Web Real. Player Netshow Video Voice - H 323 E-Mail FTP SNMP DNS LDAP Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Class Based Presentation Application Aware - Qo. S

• Static or Dynamic • Classify against Port or Layer 4 flow 1999 Cabletron Systems Network Bandwidth • Specify in Kilobits/Sec Granular Flows 64 Kbps from a particular Port 128 Kbps from a specific Host 30 Mbps for H 323 Voice 2 Mbps for the CEO using SAP-R 3 Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Flow Based Bandwidth Presentation Application Aware - Qo. S

• Software/Microprocessor based systems – serial forwarding Presentation The Traditional Router • High Latency • Expensive • Future - looks bleak 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Performance and Functionality - Mutually Exclusive

• ASIC Based Systems – Parallel Forwarding Presentation The Traditional Switch • Low Latency • Too little control? Limited scalability? • Future - Secured as access device 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • High Performance

• Wire-speed • Low Latency Presentation Next Generation - Prerequisites • Application - Differentiation, Isolation, Qo. S • Security • Accounting • The enabling technology…. . . 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Scalability

• “The ability to Switch and Track packets using layer 3 and layer 4 information - at wire-speed” Presentation Layer 4 - Switching – Resource allocation at the application layer • Aligns network with applications – Security at the application layer – Accounting at the application layer 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Benefits

Mission-Critical Applications Voice File Transfer, E-Mail 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Desktop Conferencing, Distance Learning Presentation Layer-4 Enabled Qo. S

• Usually Qo. S & security benefits are provided when crossing Layer-3 subnet boundaries Presentation Layer-4 Switching • No other switch has this feature. Other switches rely on Layer-2 solutions such as 802. 1 p. Only Cabletron can provide end-to-end Qo. S and security! 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • The SSR’s Layer-4 switching architecture allows it to provide Qo. S and security in a Layer-2 domain while remaining standards based

Dest Source Node Socket Co Solves 1999 Cabletron Systems M Se c ng es t io n ur ity an ag Survival & Growth - Enterprise Dest Net A c c e s s C o n tr o l IPX Layer-4 Flow Q u a l i ty o f S e r v i c e IP Src IP Dest TOS Protocol Src sock Dest sock TCP/UDP A c c o u n ti n g (R MO N 2 ) IP Layer-4 Flow Presentation L 4 Switching Delivers Wire-speed Functionality em en t

IPX Layer-4 Flow Dest Net Dest Source Node Socket 1999 Cabletron Systems A c c e s s C o n tr o l Only processes this information X XX Presentation Q u a l i ty o f S e r v i c e IP Src IP Dest TOS Protocol Src sock Dest sock TCP/UDP A c c o u n ti n g (R MO N 2 ) IP Layer-4 Flow Survival & Growth - Enterprise Layer 3 Switching - “Packet Forwarding Only”

Smart. Switch Router: Overview 1999 Cabletron Systems

Performance Wirespeed, independent of media Full Functionality Security, Qo. S, Accounting Capacity Manageability Price 1999 Cabletron Systems Large Route/MAC/Flow Tables Quality Instrumentation (RMON 2, SNMP) Approaching that of L 2 Switches Survival & Growth - Enterprise (The five requirements for backbone switching routers) Presentation Next Generation Enterprise Backbones

Definition Benefit Implementation 1999 Cabletron Systems Ability to classify, process and forward, layer-4 application conversations at wire-speed Provide security, allocate Qo. S, collect statistics and perform accounting at the transport layer, at wire-speed Custom high speed ASICs for packet processing and routing Survival & Growth - Enterprise Wire-speed Layer-4 Flow Switching Presentation The Enabling Technology

SSR 2000 New low cost, enterprise desktop switch for the power workgroup Presentation The SSR Family Existing high performance, high function switch router for the enterprise SSR 8600 New high density, wire-speed switch router for enterprise collapsed backbone and wiring closet applications 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise SSR 8000

“Hot Product - Backbone Switch” - Data Communications January 1999 Presentation Recent Awards “Product of the Year - Network Equipment Router” - CTI Magazine December 15, 1998 “Best of Breed” - Internet. Week Magazine November 30, 1998 “Most Fully Featured Layer-3 Switch” - Mier Communications November 19, 1998 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise “Best of the Best” - Internet. Week Magazine December 21, 1998

• Key Applications – 8 Gbps, Up to 32 ports – L 2/L 4 Workgroup Switch – 16 10/100 fixed, 2 option slots – Load Balancing Server Farm Switch – Policy based Qo. S to the desktop, – Small Enterprise Router – Comprehensive security – Detailed accounting – Multicast support – Directory Services WAN 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Features Presentation Smart. Switch Router 2000

– 8 Gbps, 8. 5 Million pps – 8 fixed ports of 1000 Base-SX – Policy based Qo. S – Comprehensive security – Detailed accounting – Multicast support – Directory Services 1999 Cabletron Systems • Key Applications – L 3/L 4 Workgroup Aggregation Switch – Load Balancing Server Farm Switch Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Features Presentation Preview: Smart. Switch Router 2008

• Key Applications – 16 Gbps, 15 Million Packets per Second – Enterprise Core and/or WAN Edge – Maximum capacity of 56 ports – Internet access routers, DSLAMs, headends – DS-1 through Gigabit Ethernet – High-availability server farm aggregation – Full function enterprise/ISP routing – Wire-speed application level Qo. S, Security, Accounting – Full redundancy 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Features Presentation Smart. Switch Router 8000

– 32 Gbps, 34 Million Packets per Second – Up to 120 ports total – DS-1 through Gigabit Ethernet – Full function enterprise/ISP routing – Wire-speed application level Qo. S, Security, Accounting – Full redundancy 1999 Cabletron Systems • Key Applications – Enterprise Wiring Closet L 2 – Server Farm Aggregation – Enterprise Core/WAN Routing Switch – Internet Access Aggregation – Internet Aggregate Routing Switch Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Features Presentation Smart. Switch Router 8600

• NEBS Level 3 compliant • 16 blades – 14 I/O blades Presentation Smart. Switch Router 32000 – 1 Control Module • 2 Switching Fabrics – 64 Gbps, 70 Mpps • Removable, serviceable external clocking module • Redundant Power Supply – 110 /240 VAC – -48 V DC • Front, middle or rear rack mountable 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – 1 Control Module or I/O slot

• 2 and 4 Port Serial (T 1/E 1) • Hardware Compression – Stac Electronics LZS & Microsoft’s MPPC Presentation WAN Interfaces – Hardware Encryption up to 168 -bit keys (includes parity) – DES, Triple DES, RC-4, MD-5 – PPP ECP initially w/ IPSec as a software upgrade – Available on the 4 port serial only • 2 Port HSSI (T 3/E 3) • Supporting… – PPP and Frame Relay – Extensive per PVC/SVC Traffic Shaping – Weighted Random Early Detection - WRED 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Available on the 4 port serial only

• Gigabit Ethernet – Single port 15 -70 km Gigabit Ethernet – Dual port 1000 Base-SX – Dual port 1000 Base-LX Presentation New Smart. Switch Router Line Cards – Quad port OC-3 c • 32 MB buffering per port – Dual port OC-12 c • ATM • 64 MB buffering per port – Dual port Multi-service ATM • T 1/E 1, T 3/E 3 and OC-3 c – Quad port OC-3 c – Dual port OC-12 c • CMTS – 4 port upstream, 1 port downstream DOCSIS compliant cable modem termination blade 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • SONET (PPP & HDLC encaps)

• Allows extended reach capabilities far beyond the current 5 km maximum provided by the standard • Enables gigabit performance for large campus and metropolitan access networks • More cost effective and easier to implement than SONET based technologies for dark fiber applications • Available for shipment in Q 1’ 99 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise 1 port 70 km Gigabit Ethernet Presentation 70 km Gigabit Ethernet

• Full function wire-speed switching and wire-speed IP/IPX Routing Presentation SSR Common Technology – End to End Qo. S, security and accounting at wire-speed • Common software image – Easy software upgrades, easy management • Common line card technology – Speeds time to market ensures backward compatibility • Common management platform: SPECTRUM, Core. Watch 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Full Layer-4 Switching enabling

OSPF VRRP BGP-4 RIP SAP DVMRP PIM-DM IP Unicast IPX Unicast IP Multicast Diff-serv IP Qo. S/NAT Server Array PIM-SM RSVP Survival & Growth - Enterprise RIP DHCP Port/Protocol VLANs 802. 1 d STP 1999 Cabletron Systems 802. 1 p Qo. S 802. 1 Q Trunking IGMP Snooping Presentation Complete Routing/Switching Functionality Smart. Trunk

Hardware Architecture 1999 Cabletron Systems

Distributed Routing Architecture Main Memory DUART R 5000 Flash Card EE Prom Line Card Slot 3 Line Card Slot 4 PHY PHY L 2 L 2 L 3 Presentation 10 Bse. T Line Card Slot 2 L 3 Survival & Growth - Enterprise Control Module Slot 1 Switching Fabric L 3 L 3 L 2 L 2 PHY PHY Slot 5 1999 Cabletron Systems Line Card Slot 6 Line Card Slot 7 Line Card Slot 8 Line Card

Presentation Distributed Input/Output Processing Input Processing L 2 Database 1999 Cabletron Systems Accounting Filters Crossbar Encaps Qo. S Survival & Growth - Enterprise L 3/L 4 Database Priority Encaps & Queuing Accounting Filters Demux Priority Arbiter Bridge or Route Output Processing

Flow & Table Management Bridging VLANs Access Routing Control Qo. S Policy RMON/ RMON 2 Input Processing L 2 Database Priority Accounting Output Processing L 3/L 4 Database Priority Accounting Encaps & Queuing Filters Crossbar Demux Bridge or Route Arbiter Subsequent Packets Encaps Qo. S Filters Flow classification and distribution is better than 25, 000 flows per second 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise First Packet Presentation CPU Module

2. 0 Gbps per channel (SSR 8000/8600) • 4 priority queues per input and output channel • Packet switching • Overspeed • Overflow at output buffers • Avoid Head Of Line - look 4 deep per queue • Multicast packets replicated in hardware 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Presentation Crossbar

Output Module Input Module Output Module Qo. S ensures priority Output Module • Standards based Multicast support – IGMP v 2 (seamless integration with workstations/servers) – DVMRP v 3 – PIM-DM, PIM-SM • ACLs screen out hosts which attempt to join certain multicast groups 1999 Cabletron Systems Presentation Switch Fabric Efficient packet replication via switch fabric Expanding Ring TTL Support Survival & Growth - Enterprise Multicast Support

Buffer Queues Control Priority Layer-3: Layer-4 flows mapped to Co. S High Priority Layer-2: 802. 1 p priority mapped to Co. S Medium Priority Low Priority 1999 Cabletron Systems Presentation ASIC based Layer-3/4 Packet Classifier Line Speed Gigabit Input Streams Switch Fabric Survival & Growth - Enterprise Qo. S - Packet Classification (Four Classes of Service)

Qo. S - Multiple Prioritization Schemes Weighted Fair Queuing (ex. 25% per queue) ASIC based Packet Encapsulating Engine Line Speed 100 Mbps Streams Buffer Queues Strict Priority Queuing Control Priority High Priority TOS/Diff. Serv Packet Marking Layer-3: TOS/Diff. Serv Layer-2: 802. 1 p Packet Marking Medium Priority Low Priority 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Buffer Queues Switch Fabric Presentation Dual MAC

Per Flow Committed Access Rate (CAR) (Rate Limiting) Buffer Queues H e FTP Flow F H H F e. Mail Flow HTTP Flow H H F e H H FTP Flow F H H H H H ASIC Layer-3/4 Packet Classifier F H F F F e Buffer Queues H H H F F F e. Mail Flow CAR can be performed on - per port - per flow(s) - per application(s) - per host(s) in kilobits per second 1999 Cabletron Systems H e Excess Bandwidth reprioritized to a lower priority Control Priority High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority Survival & Growth - Enterprise HTTP Flow H Switch Fabric Presentation Excess bandwidth discarded

Queue Depth Minimum Threshold Time Drop Probability Avg. Queue Depth Drop All Maximum Threshold • Provides fair bandwidth reduction between host connections thru implicit notification (dropped packets) • Works for TCP only, use CAR for UDP • Intelligently differentiates between transient bursts and excessive offered load • Avoids TCP slow start oscillations • Reduces overall nodal latency Weighted RED (WRED) is RED policies per Queue 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Maximizes throughput under congestive conditions Presentation Random Early Detection (RED)

Key Redundancy Features 5509 Aggregate links with Smart. TRUNK Presentation Fully hot swappable with redundant Control Modules and Switch Fabrics Fully Interoperable with Cisco’s Fast Etherchannel and other Server trunking protocols Mix and match link speeds for incremental bandwidth Survival & Growth - Enterprise Any number of links can be aggregated (ex. 7 Gig Ethernet links = 14 Gbps BW) Superior balancing based on flows rather than MAC address Can balance flows using “round robin” or link utilization algorithms VRRP Standby Router VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) protects clients using default gateways Equal Cost Multipath OSPF can multiply the effective bandwidth over 4 paths 1999 Cabletron Systems

Web Hosting with Gigabit Ethernet Presentation Server Array Load-balancing based on Layer 4 Application traffic: round robin, server utilization, server availability Jumbo Frame Support with hardware IP Fragmentation support to lower MTU interfaces (“Don’t Fragment” bit not set) Large Packet Buffering to insure zero packet loss under any conditions Add a F 5 Labs BIGip Server Array controller for added load balancing functionality Survival & Growth - Enterprise Transparent Web Caching: Redirect HTTP requests to a Web cache server Layer-4 Quality of Service and Access Control Lists plus support for Diff-serv Full RMON I & RMON II Supported along with LFAP for Accounting 1999 Cabletron Systems

Presentation Gigabit Ethernet Metro Networks Long distances supported over highperformance, simple to manage gigabit ethernet links Survival & Growth - Enterprise No route cache, full route tables loaded on line card (up to 200, 000). Allows for non-stop, wire-speed routing Equal Cost Multipath Routing balances the load (up to 4 equal cost routes) Up to 70 kilometers Layer-4 Control to provide Quality of Service & Access Control as well as modifying the IP TOS/Diff-serv field Smart. Trunk allows for parallel, loadbalanced paths with fast failover. Layer -4 keeps the packets in order Accounting can be performed either per-flow or by prefix and next hop 1999 Cabletron Systems

No route cache, full route tables loaded on line card (up to 200, 000). Allows for non-stop, wire-speed routing Presentation Core IP Routing over SONET Ring Layer-4 Control to provide Quality of Service & Access Control as well as modifying the IP TOS/Diff-serv field Secon dary ry nda eco S SONET Ring Like the Gigabit Ethernet modules, SONET cards also support Weighted Fair Queuing & Weighted Random Early Detection to prevent congestive collapse as well as guaranteeing bandwidth Support of 1: 1 SONET APS to protect against fiber cuts/outages Supports PPP, MLPPP & HDLC encapsulations 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Equal Cost Multipath Routing balances the load (up to 4 equal cost routes)

ATM Multi-service ATM module allows for connections to: T 1/E 1, T 3/E 3 and OC 3 c pipes using modular phys Presentation Core IP Routing over ATM Higher density OC-3 c & OC-12 c lower the cost for high-speed LAN & WAN services Support for Classical IP & RFC 1483 Survival & Growth - Enterprise Support for UBR, VBR, CBR & TM 4. 0 Future support for Multi-Protocol Label Swapping as a software upgrade LANE 2. 0 & MPC enhance support for LAN connectivity PPP over ATM support allows for supporting DSLAM termination and value added x. DSL services 1999 Cabletron Systems

Smart. Switch Router Cable Modem Termination HFC Allows deployment of other services from same headend chassis Easily scales to add new subscribers Application level Qo. S at wire speed Presentation Provides integrated headend solution SONET Ring SPECTRUM Support Allows central configuration and control of regional headend CMTS; cable modem authentication and management Enhanced RF Signal Analysis for SPECTRUM Broad range up WAN/LAN uplink support 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise DOCSISv 1. 0 support Compatible with residential cable modems DOCSIS v 1. 1 support Qo. S and CBR needed for Vo. IP and Enterprise applications

Cabletron Solutions 1999 Cabletron Systems

3 rd Wave Enterprise Solutions Small Business Medium Business Large Business INTERNET ISDN DSL CABLE • Smart. STACK for low cost links • Smart. Switch Router 100/200 for a full suite of remote access choices • Web Management • Smart. Switch Router 2000 for integrated high-performance LAN and WAN access • Smart. STACK for low-cost expansion • Core Watch and SPEL Management • Smart. Switch 6000 for high-density wiring closets • Smart. Switch Router for Network Core/WAN edge • Smart. Switch Router 100/200, 500 and 2000 family for WAN • SPECTRUM Management

3 rd Wave Service Provider Solutions Hosting Internet WAN Extranet Smart. Switch 6000 r Virtual Private Networks SAC Corporate and Branch Sites SSR 520 Broadband “last-mile” Branch Office Large Business Home Office ISDN SSR 100 INTERNET Internet SAC Carrier Backbone DSL DSL SSR 250 Modem SAC Smart. Switch Router SAC • Smart. Switch Routers for high performance, high density load balancing, accounting, web-caching • Smart. Switch 6000 for redundant, high density, feature rich layer-2 infrastructure components SSR 100 SSR 250 SSR 265 Small Office Home Office Sites SSR 245 CABLE SSR 265 • SSR 100/200 for small business, telecommuters, small offices • Smart. Switch Router 100 for ISDN • VPN over ISDN, DSL and cable • Smart. Switch Router 250 for ADSL • SSR 500/700 for branch offices • SSR 2000/8600/32000 with performance & Qo. S for future Gigabit-class VPN • Smart. Switch Router 245 for Cable or DSL access • Smart. Switch Router 265 for Cable access

Content Hosting 1999 Cabletron Systems

• Eight reasons Internet Traffic Management Products are needed: 1. Computers fail Presentation Market Need 3. Computers are not equal 4. Site popularity varies 5. Not all requests are equally important 6. Bad things happen 7. Networks are expensive - disks are cheap 8. The internet is flaky 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise 2. Single computers aren’t big enough

Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation ITM Market Projection Source: Collaborative Research 1999 Cabletron Systems

Scott Mc. Nealy, CEO Sun Microsystems ISP Internet Service Provider 1999 Cabletron Systems ASP Application Service Provider Survival & Growth - Enterprise "Five years from now, if you're a CIO, you won't be buying from a vendor anymore… You'll rent all your resources from a service provider. " Presentation Market Dynamics

WAN Extranet Smart. Switch Router BIG/ip Nokia BIG/ip Smart. Switch Router Intranet 1999 Cabletron Systems • Customer Business Needs – Reliable, high-performance access to web-based mission-critical applications – Fully utilize server capacity – Secure network boundary lines – Enforced network policies for assigned user • Cabletron’s Network Solutions – Scaleable high performance Smart. Switch Router solutions for high speed access and switching – Cabletron’s BIG/ip server load balancer for non-stop server availability – Distributed load balancing for remote site coordination – Nokia Firewall for secure access and data protection – SPECTRUM IP traffic accounting for billing and capacity planning Survival & Growth - Enterprise Internet Presentation Content Hosting Solutions

• Customer Business Benefits – High-performance, Layer 3 and 4 switching router for high available, redundant server access – Increase revenue opportunities by providing outsourced hosted services – Highly scalable solution: form the smallest ISP to the largest carrier – Optimize server utilization with sophisticated load balancing – Router based Firewall for secure access serving internal and external users – Improve customer return rates by distributed load balancing and localized content – Wide area routing for internet and remote user access – Reduce equipment and management costs by combining routing, switching and WAN in one box – Accounting application for billing and capacity planning – Advanced local and distributed server load balancing for non-stop operation 1999 Cabletron Systems – Scaleable solutions to grow as subscribers and bandwidth demands increase Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Cabletron’s Advantage Presentation Content Hosting Solutions

• Small POP Content Hosting Site – e. g. local ISP Presentation Content Hosting Solution Sets – e. g. regional ISP • Large POP Content Hosting Site – e. g. national ISP • Distributed Content Hosting – e. g. international ISP • ISP Traffic Accounting 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Medium POP Content Hosting Site

Internet T 1/T 3 – Small hosting site BGP domain – Minimum amount of equipment due to limited space – High security for e-commerce – 10 -100 Mb/s performance • Cabletron’s Network Solution 10/100 LSNAT group – Smart. Switch Router 8000 with WAN card and BGP for Interent connection – Nokia IP 440 Firewall/Router – Smart. Switch Router 8000 with LSNAT load balancing support – 10 or 100 FE LAN connections Web Content/Application Servers 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Customer Business Need Presentation Small POP Content Hosting Solution

– WAN and BGP in Switch/Router – Industry leading firewall support (Checkpoint Fire. Wall-1) – Industry leading 16 M pps Switch/Routing performance (SSR 8000) – Comprehensive set of load balancing algorithms (LSNAT) – Traffic prioritization and rate shaping/flow limiting – Scaleable solution that can grow with the service provider • Customer Business Benefits – Increased productivity and reliability I. e. more uptime – Security for Extranet and Intranet applications – Reduced cost of ownership from better utilization of resources – Reduced equipment cost from integration of switch and router platforms into one box – Reduced Management costs from policy based usage and accounting – Offer differentiated services – Higher customer return rate 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Cabletron Advantage Presentation Small POP Content Hosting Solution

• Customer Business Need Internet – Redundant & scalable content hosting solution Presentation Medium POP Content Hosting Solution – High security for e-commerce • Cabletron’s Network Solution – Dual Nokia IP 440 or 650 Firewall/Router VLAN 1 – Smart. Switch Router 8600 with dual VLANs VLAN 2 – Dual BIG/ip for redundant load balancing – 100 FE or 1000 Gb. E LAN connections Web Content/Application Servers 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – 100 -1000 Mb/s performance

• Customer Business Need Internet – Fully redundant & scalable hosting solution BGP domain – >1000 Mb/s performance and low delay • Cabletron’s Network Solution 10/100 – Multiple Nokia IP 440 or 650 Firewall/Router – Smart. Switch Router 8600 with dual VLANs 10/100 – Multiple BIG/ip for redundant load balancing Gb. E 1999 Cabletron Systems – 100 FE or 1000 Gb. E LAN connections xyz. com Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Multiple security domains for hosted sites & applications Gb. E abc. com Presentation Mega POP Content Hosting Solution

– WAN and BGP in Switch – Policy Based Routing for multiple Firewall support – Industry leading firewall support (Checkpoint Fire. Wall-1) – Industry leading 32 M pps Switch/Routing performance (SSR 8600) – Full set of load balancing algorithms (BIG/ip) – Automatic failover with watchdog cards and VRRP – Traffic prioritization and rate shaping/flow limiting 1999 Cabletron Systems • Customer Business Benefits – Increased productivity and reliability I. e. more uptime – Security for Extranet and Intranet applications – Higher customer return rate from better utilization of resources – Reduced equipment cost from integration of switch and router platforms into one box – Increased revenue opportunities from IP usage and accounting statistics – Ability to offer differentiated services Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Cabletron Advantage Presentation Mega POP Content Hosting Solution

xx-xx-xx-x 1 TCP-ACK xx-xx-xx-x 0 • TCP ACK goes through firewall to server • Server side switch must ensure TCP SYN goes back thru same firewall to preserve state context • Use the Least Significant Bit of IP address to determine: – odd addresses go left TCP-SYN – even addresses go right • Can scale for more bits e. g. 2, 3, 4 for more firewalls 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise TCP-ACK Presentation Why Policy based Routing is required

Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Internal Product Positioning 1999 Cabletron Systems

David Delcourt IP Accounting - The Technology Advanced Applications Manager 1999 Cabletron Systems

• Enterprise & Public Services – Planning and Resource Allocation Presentation Accounting & Planning – Quality of Service Association • ISP & Telco – Service Billing – New Service Deployment • Out-Source – Service Billing – Service Level Proof of Delivery • So many businesses want to understand their communications ‘profiles’ 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Expense Appropriation

• Traffic Accounting – Cost effective way to baseline traffic flows Presentation Monitoring and Feedback – Traffic and Resource reporting • Reporting by – Individual – Department – Application • Local or Wide Area Network reporting • Cost effective, highly accurate business reporting tool 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Long term network usage recording

• Expense Appropriation • Bill departments or groups Presentation IP Traffic Accounting • Aggregate bandwidth consumption by application • Capacity and growth planning • Reporting • Reports can be generated and emailed on a scheduled interval. • Daily, weekly, and monthly reports for each user, department, or company. • Report activity of critical resources such as file servers, mail servers, and database servers. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Usage reports for users

• Cabletron Traffic Accountant (CTA) – Interrogating, Viewing and Storing Data Presentation Component Parts of Accounting – Data Collector • Smart. Switch Router – Infrastructure 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Flow Accounting Server (FAS)

• The Cabletron Traffic Accountant, CTA, performs many tasks Presentation Cabletron Traffic Accountant • The CTA receives files from the FAS and looks at the SIP/DIP pairs as well as Source/Destination Ports to determine conversations • Many flows then get “aggregated” down to a single entry in the database – Integration • After the Aggregation is done, the information must be entered into the database • Costing and Directory matching is done at this time as well – Reports and Queries • There are over 30 different prepared reports and queries that can be run against the data 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Aggregation

• The Flow Accounting Server, FAS, provides several key features – Scalable Presentation Flow Accounting Server • The FAS organises the messages by source SSR and Flow ID – Fault Tolerant • The FAS can be Primary for one group of Smart Switch Routers and also be Secondary for another group of SSR’s • When an SSR must switch from a Primary to a Secondary FAS, the Flow ID is the unique identifier to keep track of the flow status 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • The FAS can accept up to 8000 LFPS messages per second

• The SSR has a Lightweight Flow Accounting Protocol, LFAP, agent embedded in firmware – Part of firmware version 2. 0. 0. 0 and later – LFAP is a TCP orientated protocol that “pushes” flow information from the SSR to the FAS 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise • The Smart. Switch Router, SSR, is a required element of the Accounting model Presentation Smart. Switch Router

Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Accounting ‘Element’ Model 1999 Cabletron Systems

Layer 4 Capabilities attract a wider customer audience 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Traffic Differentiation Model

CTA Presentation Deployment Architecture PC/NT 4. 0 FAS SPARC/Solaris 2. 5. 1 FAS Backup FAS’s LFAP SSR 1999 Cabletron Systems SSR SSR Survival & Growth - Enterprise FTP

CTA FAS üPrimary Policy x. Policy üAccounting Acct FAS x. Policy üAccounting Acct Policy SSR 1999 Cabletron Systems SSR Acct SSR Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Typical Schema

• Customer Business Need – Understand network traffic patterns for capacity planning Flow Accounting Server (FAS) LFAP – Bill customers for application usage – Understand application usage • Cabletron’s Network Solution – Smart. Switch Router 8000/8600 – Flow Accounting Server (Sun Ultra application – Cabletron Traffic Accountant (NT application) Web Content/Application Servers 1999 Cabletron Systems Cabletron Traffic Accountant (CTA) Survival & Growth - Enterprise Internet Presentation ISP Traffic Accounting Solution

– Industry leading 32 M pps Switch/Routing performance while collecting stats (SSR) – Industry unique application flow recording (SSR/FAS) • Customer Business Benefits – Reduced cost of ownership from better utilization of resources – Reduced equipment cost by provisioning for real application volume – Industry unique LFAP based data collection aggregator (FAS) – Reduced Management costs from policy based usage and accounting – Customer and standard report templates for capacity planning & billing (CTA) – Increased revenue from understanding application use and streamlining e-commerce traffic – Exception reporting for abnormal usage notification – Performance reports for capacity planning 1999 Cabletron Systems – Increased performance from identifying network hogs – Ability to bill or charge-back for server use Survival & Growth - Enterprise • Cabletron Advantage Presentation ISP Traffic Accounting Solution

• Cabletron Systems are leading the industry for – Policy Presentation Summary – Accounting • Cabletron Systems has a complete set of services and solutions, not just one off products or concepts • Cabletron Systems has the hardware platforms ie. Smart. Switch and Smart. Switch Routers to run these services • We have the Channel & Partners to deliver to our customers 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise – Directory