Marine Pollutants Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals

Marine Pollutants • • Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents

Petroleum Hydrocarbons Oil drums on a beach in Pulau Redang, Malaysia.

Petroleum Hydrocarbons Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100, 000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.

Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30, 000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3, 000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil

Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 10 million gallons of oil spilled • 400 miles of shore line affected • $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

Spain • • • November 19, 2002 The Prestige: a 26 -year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. incident sinking Lifeboat w/ dead bird

Persian Gulf War (1991) • 240 million gallons of oil spilled

BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5, 000 barrels/day = 200, 000 gal/day

Containing oil spills: • Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship • Burning oil off • Chemical dispersants • Bioremediation- bacteria

Containing oil spills: • Hair Booms

Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff Tanker operations Coastal facilities Atmospheric fallout Natural seepage Other transportation activities Tanker accidents Offshore petroleum production 31. 1% 21. 8% 13. 1% 9. 8% 3. 3% 1. 3%

Plastics • • 100, 000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N. E. coast of U. S. : found 46, 000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

North Pacific Subtropical Gyre • “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” • Estimate: 46, 000 pieces of floating garbage/mi 2.

North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. Lr. VCI 4 N 67 M&feature=player_embedded http: //marinedebris. noaa. gov/info/patch. html#6

Laysan Island hypersaline lake (120 -140 o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800, 000 birds.

Sooty tern Laysan albatross Laysan finch

Laysan Island

Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

A dead Laysan Albatross chick with seven bottle tops in its gullet. Adult Albatross feed on flying fish eggs that the adult fish attach to floating debris.

2004 -2007 Barber’s Point

Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http: //www. hawaii 247. com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011 -japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

Pesticides & Herbicides • Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds. • Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted species • Pesticide toxicity often effects human health Rachael Carson- Silent Spring Bioaccumulation biomagnification

Pesticides Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines: Include DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT): • used as a pesticide from 1939 -late 1960 s • fat soluble compound • the world’s production has substantially decreased since it was banned in the West • detected in mud of deep sea and snow & ice of Antarctica

Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) • produced since 1944 • banned in U. S. by 1979 • used in production of electrical equipment, paints, plastics, adhesives, and coating compounds… • found everywhere in the ocean • released in env. by unregulated incineration of discarded products DDT & PCBs affects: • copepod and oyster development • death of shrimp and a variety of fish

Biomagnification

Toxic Metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu Heavy metals resist biodegradation Natural occurrence- volcanoes • Mercury (Hg)- toxic when attached to short carbonchain alkyl group, strongly neurotoxic, birthdefects • Lead (Pb)- from batteries, sewage, fuel additives, neurotoxic effects, mental development in children • Cadmium (Cd)- from batteries, sewage, electroplating factories, effects on human kidney function, bone deformities

Heavy Metals Minamata Disease (1953 -1960)– Japan • Industrial pollution from plastic plant; dumped mercuric chloride into bay • Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish 43 dead and 700 permanently disabled • Symptoms: kidney damage, neuromuscular deterioration, birth defects, insanity, death • Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell fishing • Surviving victims received $24, 200 as settlement

Cu: • Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) • Banned in U. S. 1980 s • Acts as an immunosuppressor • Accumulations unusually high in small whales • May be associated with strandings Pac Baroness – freighter carrying 21, 000 metric tons of finely powdered Cu sank in 448 m in 1987 of coast of central CA • Tainted water detected 41 km down current of wreck • Major fishing zone for rock cod and Dover sole

Pb: • Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s • Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps • Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation biomagnification

Point Source Pollution Sewage • Causes disease outbreaks • Contributes to eutrophication

6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? • 40 straight days of rain • 42 -inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

Disease

Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff • nutrient enrichment of coastal waters • physiological consequences on corals • ecological consequences – phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration – benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

Nutrients and Algae Growth

Atomic Testing

Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site. Atomic Testing

Ocean Dumping total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘ 79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘ 86) = 100 million Curies US Other Switzerland Great Britain USSR

Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Arctic Ocean Moscow Russia

Thermal Effluents Power plants

Non-Point Source Pollution Ala Wai Constructed 1920 -28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed.

Sediment Runoff

Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean (Maui)

Corals Smothered in Sediment

Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7. 5 million for Clean Water Act violations

Types of Non-Point Source Pollution • sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development • nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals • pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)

Types of Non-Point Source Pollution • automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. • waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds

Other Wastes

1989

Net Damage

French Frigate Shoals (2001) Kure Atoll

Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island

Munitions Dumping Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U. S. Army)

Munitions Dumping 1940’s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu

Inquiry 1. Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2. Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3. Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 4. What may result when eutrophication occurs?