Marine fibrereinforced plastics composites John Summerscales School of

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites John Summerscales School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (SECa. M) University of Plymouth ~ United Kingdom

x not Portsmouth Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Plymouth University of Plymouth … sometimes trading as Plymouth University … founded 1862 as Plymouth School of Navigation

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Plymouth • ancient seaport • Plymouth Sound is one of the finest natural harbours in the world • point of departure for Mayflower Fathers sailing to America 400 years ago • America’s Cup 2011

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Large structures

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Some of the largest composite structures • Airbus A 380 80 m wingspan civil airliner • Swedish Navy 73 m Visby stealth corvette • LM Wind Power 107 m blade Images approx. to scale • https: //c. ekstatic. net/media/a 380 -render_01_02082018 -185 -21100. png • https: //static. turbosquid. com/Preview/001151/792/GE/visby-class-corvette-3 D_DHQ. jpg • https: //wpcluster. dctdigital. com/energyvoice/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/08/GE-Renewableblade-620 x 348. jpg

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Siemans Gamesa SG 14 -222 DD 108 m blade 80 m wingspan.

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Thermoset or thermoplastic Glass transition temperature (Tg) defines upper use temperature • thermoset cures close to use temperature • thermoplastic processed at Tg+200 C • thermoset is a problem at end of life • thermoplastic can be remoulded

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Wet environment

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Oceangate Cyclops 1 5 -person next-generation steel manned submersible for depths to 500 m

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Oceangate Titan 5 -person carbon fibre and titanium manned submersible for depths to 4500 m

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Polymers absorb moisture Does descent, squeeze the moisture • out of the polymer matrix, • into the polymer free volume, and plasticise the material, or • attack the fibre matrix interface?

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Sustainability

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Sustainability • "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. " • The World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission Report, 1987)

Sustainability Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Bruntland saw a balance of four factors: economic profit environmental pollution equity (social) people evil (corruption) political (governance) 1 st three often called Triple Bottom Line 4 th category often omitted!

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) • ISO 14040 series of standards • Environmental management — Life Cycle Assessment • ISO 14040: 2006 Principles and framework • ISO 14044: 2006 Requirements and guidelines • cradle-to-grave LCA manufacture - use - disposal?

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites British standard BS 8905: 2011 • Framework for the assessment of the sustainable use of materials. Guidance • adds land use to key consideration • critical for natural materials as alternatives to synthetics

Allocation in LCA Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites • Ekvall and Finnveden (J Clean Prod, 2001) • critical review of the adequacy and feasibility of methods recommended for allocation in LCA • different approaches to the allocation result in different types of information • outcomes dependent on • goal and scope, • how by/co-products are analysed: (excluded, by mass, by value, …).

Primary concern: environmental Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites ISO/TR 14047: 2003(E): • • acidification climate change depletion of abiotic/biotic resources ecotoxicity eutrophication/nitrification human toxicity photo-oxidant formation (smog) stratospheric ozone depletion

Azapagic EICF Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites • Environmental Impact Classification Factors • • Acidification Potential (AP) Global Warming Potential (GWP for climate change) Non-Renewable/Abiotic Resource Depletion (NRADP). Aquatic Toxicity Potential (ATP for ecotoxicity) Eutrophication Potential (EP) Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Photochemical Oxidants Creation Potential (POCP)

Marine composites Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites • Principal environmental burdens • Materials production/composites manufacture • Use, maintenance and repair • End-of-life https: //islwastemanagement. co. uk/wpcontent/uploads/2016/12/waste_hierarchy-768 x 540. png

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Marine plastics pollution Ecotoxicity or new parameter? • toxic additives: anti-fouling formulations • toxic chemicals adsorbed on the material from abrasion and scour • reduced grazing efficiency (RGE): sub-lethal toxic anorexia • entrapment and strangulation, especially fishing net

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Conclusions • Large high-mass composites have a potentially large market • Design for marine composites typically 25 years with minimal maintenance • Durable in serice, but problem E-o-L • Need LCA to • demonstate best material for chosen use, and • to minimise environmental burdens

Marine fibre-reinforced plastics composites Contact • www. plymouth. ac. uk/staff/john-summerscales • J. Summerscales@plymouth. ac. uk • open to collaboration • China Scholarship Council funded project?