Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity Section 2 Large Marine

Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity Section 2 Large Marine Ecosystems of the world

Chapter 2 Vocab Term on the front with a picture On the back: definition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Estuary Ecosystem Biotic Abiotic Habitat Species Population Community Biodiversity Ecological Niche Mutualism Parasitism Competition 14. Predation 15. Photoautotrophs 16. Chemoautotrophs 17. Producers 18. Consumers 19. Food chain 20. Food web 21. Trophic level 22. Predator 23. Prey 24. Keystone species 25. Shoaling 26. Succession 27. Specialized ecological niche 28. Generalized Ecological Niche

Review �Binomial nomenclature created by Linneaus in the mid-1700 s �Each species has a two part name � 1 st – (genus) Capitalized and italics � 2 nd – (species) lowercase and italics

Terms to Know! Term Definition Habitat Place where organisms live Ecological Niche The role of an organism within an ecosystem Species A group of similar organisms that can interbreedand produce fertile offspring Population Organisms of the same species, living in the same area Example Community All the different species living in a habitat at the same time Ecosystem Living organisms and the chemical and physical factors which influence them Take 2 -3 minutes and come up with a marine example of the terms listed above!

The ecosystem is affected by… Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

What affects an ecosystem: Abiotic Biotic �Living components of an ecosystem �Nonliving components of an ecosystem Greek meanings: Bio = living tic = of or pertaining to A = not; without List 3 examples of each!

Marine Ecosystem Example �http: //vimeo. com/28417462 �Rocky Shore – organisms living here, linked together by flows of energy forming a food web, and their environment �Animals must be able to adapt to changing tides

Habitat Example �Hydrothermal vent – provides habitat for species of tube worms

Population Example �Ghost crabs (Ocypode saratan) living in the sandy shores �Mollusc community on a rocky shore (all different species of molluscs)

Species Examples �Skipjack tuna (Katsuwomus pelamis ) �Red mangrove trees (Rhizophora mangle )

Ecological Niche Examples �Ecological niche of great white shark = top predator �Organisms which occupy similar niches will tend to compete with each other for �Resources � Food � Space in their habitat

Biodiversity �Takes into account: �# of different species present �Range of habitats and ecosystems �Examples: CORAL REEFS High biodiversity w/ many species present SANDY SHORE Low biodiversity w/ few species present

Quadrat �A square used in ecology and geography to isolate a sample, usually about 1 m 2 or 0. 25 m 2 �Used to investigate the diversity of organisms in a suitable habitat (example: rocky shore or sandy shore)

Symbiosis �The relationship between 2 different organisms, where BOTH derive some benefit from the relationship �Examples � Corals and zooxanthellae � Cleaner fish and grouper � Chemosynthetic bacteria and tubeworms

Corals and zooxanthellae �Zooxanthellae is a symbiotic algae that lives within the stony corals. �Type of dinoflagellate (microscopic) � Dino= whirling (greek) flagellum (whip) �Corals provide a safe and nutrient rich environment for the algae. �Corals cannot create enough of their own energy so they use carbohydrates created through photo. From zooxanthellae. �Zooxan. Help create carbon for the calcium carbonate that the corals are made of. (Ca. CO 3)

Corals and zooxanthellae �Corals can adjust the algae the population by releasing them or taking more in. �Zoothan. Is very sensitive Cannot live in low salinity levels � Cannot live below 100 meters (300 ft) � Thrive in temps above 20*C (68 F) �

Cleaner fish (Wrasse) & Grouper �Wrasse fish eat away the parasites and dead scales off of fish to obtain nutrients: parrotfish, reef sharks, eels, damselfish, surgeon fish, etc. �Fish get parasites and dead skin removed

Chemosynthetic bacteria & Tube worms �Hydrothermal ventsare powered by volcanic heat �Recirculate water that seeps into tectonic faults/cracks �Emerging water is rich in minerals and chemicals � Provides nutrients for chemosynthetic bacteria �Near boiling temps �Immense pressure �No light (aphotic) �“black smokers”

Chemosynthetic bacteria & Tube worms �Tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila) have no mouth/digestive tract �Chemosynthetic bacteria live inside the tubeworms � Provide energy for tubeworms from the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) emitted through the vents. �Red organ in tubeworms= Plume � Hemoglobin= red � Aids in gas/chemical exchange so the bacteria get what they need to do chemo. �Chitin forms the outside of the worm

Tubeworms cont… �How do the bacteria get inside in the first place? “Giant tube worms reproduce by releasing their eggs into the water to be fertilized. After hatching, the young larvae swim down and attach themselves to rocks. As the larvae develop into tiny worms, they temporarily develop a primitive mouth and gut through which the symbiotic bacteria enter. As the worm grows older, the mouth and gut disappear, trapping the bacteria inside” http: //www. seasky. org/deep-sea/giant-tube-worm. html

Parasitism �Relationship between organisms where 1 organisms benefits at the expense of the other (the host) �Parasites obtain nutrients from host �Ectoparasites � Live on OUTSIDE of the host � Example: Fish lice �Endoparasites � Live INSIDE host (digestive system, attached to gills, muscle tissue) � Example: nematodes (roundworms) living in fish

Tuna and Nematodes �Nematodes are also known as roundworms �From the word nematoidea �Nematos= thread (greek) Eides=species �Found everywhere in almost every habitat �They live within animals/plants. �Some nematodes also have nematodes ☺ �Their mouth has a stylet- hook/tube that they insert to suck out cellular material.

Trophic Levels �“feeding levels” in a food chain or a food web �Producers→ 1 st trophic level �Primary consumers→ 2 nd trophic level �Secondary consumers→ 3 rd trophic level

More Terms… Term Definition Producer Organisms which synthesize organic substances from simple organic compounds using light from the Sun Consumer An organism that obtains its energy by feeding on other organisms Primary Consumer Feed on plant material (AKA→ Herbivore) Secondary Consumer Feed on herbivores ((AKA→ Carnivore) Predator An animal that catches, kills, and eats another animal

Predator-Prey Relationship �Factors which affect # of predators in an ecosystem �Availability of food As the # of prey increases the # of predators increases � As the # of prey decrease the # of predators decrease � �http: //vimeo. com/45154593

Predator-Prey Graph

Assignments � Complete questions 1 -3 on page 14

What is a Shoal? �Large numbers of fish of the SAME species and approximately the SAME size. �Referred to as a ‘school’ when the group of fish is swimming together in a coordinated way.

Benefits of Shoaling 1. Hydrodynamic efficiency Groups of fish save energy when swimming together

Benefits of Shoaling 2. Predator avoidance: a) Confusion effect: It is difficult for predators to pick out individual prey from groups b) Many eyes effect as size of group increases, the task of looking for predators can be spread out

Benefits of Shoaling 3. Foraging Advantages: Time taken to find food is decreased 4. Reproductive Advantages: Provides increased access to potential mates

Shoaling examples Sardines: When threatened form ‘bait balls’ can consist of hundreds of thousands sardines Skipjack Tuna: form large shoals of up to 50, 000 individuals

Types of shoalers �Fish can be obligate or facultative shoalers: �Obligate – spends all their time shoaling and may become agitated when separated from the group (examples: tuna, herring, anchovy) �Facultative– shoal only some of the time, perhaps only for reproductive purposes (examples: Atlantic cod)

Assignments � Video Activity: Shoaling in the Deep https: //youtu. be/Lazd 39 cp. Zu. I � Read and Complete questions 4 and 5 on page 17 � What are reasons why fish Shoal?

What is Succession? �The gradual process of change that occurs in community structure over a period of time �Example

Types of Succession �Primary Succession: area has no remnants of an older community �Volcanos, bombs, retreating glaciers that expose new land �Pioneer Species: first organism to colonize barren area � Lichen: algae and fungus �Secondary Succession: existing communities are not completely destroyed �Faster than primary b/c soil still has organic materials �Wildfire, hurricane, floods, over farming, logging

Coral Reefs � � Both primary and secondary succession occur on coral reefs. https: //youtu. be/W 7 iw. Ta. W 3 ZXM Coral Reefs and climate change

Chemosynthesis �Symbiotic bacteria convert H 2 S into organic material: H 2 S + CO 2 + H 20 → CH 2 O + H 2 SO 4 �Hydrogen sulphide is the primary energy source for hot vents and cold seeps

Succession at Hydrothermal Vents �One of the first animal species to inhabit the area around a hydrothermal vent is the tube worm Tevnia. �Tevnia is replaced by the larger and faster growing tube worm Riftia tubeworms can grow up to two meters long. This adult tubeworm that has been removed from its white tube. https: //youtu. be/D 69 h. Gv. Cs. Wg. A

Riftia Tevnia �Tevnia are usually white, but this clump of worms is stained brown from iron in the vent fluids. The largest worm in this clump (with more white color) is a different species - a Riftia tubeworm.

What is a Whale Fall? �When a whale dies, the carcass sinks to the sea floor…this is known as a “whale fall” �The video below shows the gradual change in the community structure over time Feast in the Deep Boneworms on Dead Whales in Monterey Bay

Assignments � � Complete questions 6 and 7 on page 24 Describe Whale Fall in your on words? Why is Whale Fall important to the Marine ecosystem?

Extreme & Unstable Environments Tend to have LOW biodiversity! � Example 1: Sand-easily dries out and easily eroded by wind and water currents � Example 2: hydrothermal vents-high pressure, high temperature, few organisms adapted to these conditions

Stable & Favorable Environments Tend to have HIGH biodiversity! � Example: Coral Reefs

Specialized Niche Generalized Niche �Narrow range of food �Exploit a wider range of food requirements �Live in specific habitat sources �Live in wider range of habitats Example: Butterfly fish �Territorial �Live closely w/corals and anenomes Ex: Tuna �Migratory �Feed on many different species of fish

Why do habitats with high biodiversity tend to contain narrow ecological niches? �Each species has its OWN niche within the ecosystem �What would happen if the niches overlapped? INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION and one species will die out! � Narrow niches reduce overlap and therefore reduce competition �