Marching Toward War Final Exam Essays What have

Marching Toward War

Final Exam Essays What have you learned? Can you answer the following questions? Explain with examples. You will need to provide between 3 and 5 examples per question to receive full credit. Choose 1 of the following to answer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Why did early civilizations develop? How and why do civilizations change overtime? What aspects of civilizations are common across time and location? What causes people to seek economic, political, social or religious change? What philosophies have supported the rise of revolutions and nationalism over time? Why were there global conflicts in the twentieth century? What factors seem to be constant in global war? What is the impact of global war on the development of a global society?

Long-Range Causes of WWI § Nationalism & Imperialism Each nation felt themselves superior to other nations This attitude created a desire to rule lands beyond their borders Example: Balkans (Russia, Turkey, Austria. Hungary Example: Morocco, North Africa (Germany & France) Example: Korea (Russia, Japan)

Aggressive Nationalism

Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

Long-Range Causes of WWI § Pan-Slavism was a desire for Russia to protect Slavic people in Europe Serbia is a Slavic nation § Pan-Germanism was a desire for Germany to protect German-speaking people in Europe. Austria-Hungary was a German speaking nation

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

Long-Range Causes of WWI § Militarism caused European countries to build up their armies and navies. created fear and distrust British: best & biggest navy Germany suspicious of Russia’s plan to modernize its army

Militarism (Arms Race) Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger. , A-H, It. , Fr. , Br. , Rus. ] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910 -1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

Long-Range Causes of WWI § Entangling Alliances Nations entered into agreements to help their allies in the event of war 1914: Two major alliances 1. Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria. Hungary, Italy, Ottoman Empire 2. Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia (later on included Japan and many other nations)

The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: 1914 -17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

Europe in 1914

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

The “Spark”

Immediate Cause of WWI § June 28 th, 1914 Archduke of A-H Franz Ferdinand & wife visit Bosnian capital Sarajevo. Bosnians unhappy living under rule of Austria-Hungary Couple shot by 19 yr. old Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) Princip was a member of the Black Hand – a secret society determined to free Bosnia of A-H rule.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?