March 2005 doc IEEE 802 11 050173 r

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 4 G Neighborhood Area Networks Date: 2005 -03 -11 Authors: R. R. Miller AT&T Florham Park, NJ 973 -236 -6920 rrm@att. com Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802. 11. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802. 11. Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures <http: // ieee 802. org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws. pdf>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard. " Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair <stuart. kerry@philips. com> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802. 11 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at <patcom@ieee. org>. Submission 1 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Abstract Completing a practical broadband access network alternative comparable to cable or DSL for residence, remote/small business, and public service environments requires the realization of multi-tier diffuse-field wireless networks that functionally-parallel and interwork with their wired multi-tier counterparts. Fortunately, the sophistication and economy of radio systems have at last progressed to permit consideration of multi-tier approaches that can augment the established paradigm of wireless links that extend exclusively from a wired network POP directly to a device. Like wired networks, each component of a multi-tier wireless network must be designed to meet a specific teledensity demand, Shannon envelope, and capital affordability to establish a complete performance- and cost-effective broadband access network supporting Ethernet-like user expectations. Current network paradigms, such as LANs and MANs, already provide means to effectively extend networking toward the backbone from devices, and toward devices from the backbone, respectively. However, a critical segment is missing from a practical, complete tiered structure: Neighborhood Area Networks or NANs are characterized by outdoor diffuse-field coverage areas smaller than MANs and larger than LANs, hosting fixed or nomadic links from moderate AP heights such as street utility structures. These ~1000 foot-radius, ~100 Base. T-equivalent coverage areas can be designed to support increased link predictability and higher teledensities compared to MANs due to reduced multipath, improved propagation predictability, and higher link margins, while encompassing ~100 -200 premises for acceptable cost-scaling. The small-cell characteristics optimally-balance throughput/link and premises-passed costs mimicking node “reach” and size of cable, VDSL, or fiber neighborhood-serving facilities. Likewise, NANs cannot optimally address the teledensity, link throughput capabilities, and battery limitations of portable LAN devices, but can connect them to higher tiers without starving. Since NANs are required to complete multi-tier operation with other established tiers, networking architecture, airlink properties, and protocols must integrate wired and wireless standards elements into a single coherent solution. This presentation proposes creation of a study group to formulate a standards framework for the wireless NAN, with companion air interface, protocol, and spectrum use components. It is Submission 2 R. R. Miller, AT&T believed that this standard-setting can leverage knowledge bases and expertise from both

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Preparing for True Broadband Wireless Shannon Zone Submission 3 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 A View of Carrier Connectivity Options 300, 000 185, 000 45, 000 100 1 20, 000 Typical Houses-Passed Fiber to the Home Fiber to the Curb VDSL BPL Fiber to the Neighborhood SONET Fiber to the Neighborhood WMAN Fiber to the Serving Area DSL Fiber to the Serving Area Street-Level Cable Fiber to the Serving Area 10 9 8 7 6 Street-Level Cable 5 4 3 2 1 0 ROM User Assignable Peak Throughput Distance from User to Network POP, Miles “Transport” 1 G 100 M Active Fiber PON “Middle Mile” Active Fiber PON “Last Mile” Active Fiber PON Cable VDSL 10 M Submission “Sub Connect” DSL WMAN 1 M 4 BPL DSL WMAN “Premises-Net” Cable Ethernet VDSL WLAN PLC DSL WMAN T/P R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 What is a Neighborhood Area Network? • New architectural system element for broadband wireless local distribution applications • Service area smaller than Metropolitan, larger than Local Area Networks – – – “Street Level” Distribution Similar to VDSL wiring radius, cable branch node breakout size Usually part a of multi-tier distribution architecture May interface with radio or wired facilities at both ends Application in residential, campus, public environments Consistent with community aesthetics • Extends the distribution network edge to the premises gateway Submission 5 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 The NAN: Form Follows Function PANs Air Interface Backhaul Prems passed# Cell Size Cell Thruput Teledensity Terminal ECR* Client ECR* 802. 11 Wi-Fi Ethernet 1 premises (2. 3 clients) 17000 sq-ft (75’ radius) 6 -30 Mbps peak 350 -1700 Kb/sq-ft 2. 5 -13 Mb 4 G Broadband Fiber, PTMP Microwave 100 premises (230 clients) 315, 000 sq-ft (1000’ radius) 120 Mbps peak (4 sectors) 380 Kb/sq-ft 1. 2 Mbps 500 Kbps 802. 16 Wi-Max/3. 5 G Cellular Fiber/PTP Microwave 10, 000 premises (23, 000 clients) 300, 000 sq-ft (3 Km radius) 70 Mbps peak (6 sectors, 5 MHz, TDD). 23 b/sq-ft 7 Kbps 3 Kbps WANs “The Missing Architectural Element” User Rate Neighborhood Area Network 100 -300 terminations Nanocell LOS/NLOS ft Local Area Network 1 -100 clients Picocell LOS/NLOS • Lowest Base Stations • Mostly Portable Clients • Little Client Directivity • Very High Throughput • Very Limited User Group • Pedestrian Mobility • • • Metropolitan Area Network 10, 000 -30, 000 terminations Macro/Microcell LOS/NLOS PTMP Fixed/Nomadic Part of Multi-Tier Network Low Base Stations Some Directivity at Terminal High Throughput Limited User Group • • • kft km/mi # Assumes 30, 000 sq-ft lot size, 2. 3 active users/premises * ECR – Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneously + Derived from Reference 2 Submission PTMP Fixed and Mobile Highest Base Stations Sophisticated Directivity at Terminal High Point Throughput Large User Group Effective Link Reach 6 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Why the Time is Right for NANs: Multi-Tier Networking • • Radio No Longer Confined to Wired POP-to-Client Link More Throughput, Higher Quality, , Qo. S Parallels to Hierarchy of Wired Networks Each Layer Demultiplexes Throughput from Layer Above “Network of Networks” Approach, Like Internet “Mix and Match” Architectural Elements TCP/IP Convergence Layer, Software Defined Interfaces Core Fiber Backbone Transport Backbone 802. 16+, mm. Wave, FSOC Metro Fiber LOS H/S Systems ` Metropolitan Distribution H/S Facilities (Coax, Fiber) 802. 16+ PTMP ` Local Distribution Drop/Inside Wire Local PTMP L/S Facilities (PON, x. DSL, 100 BT) ` 802. 11 WLAN Metallic (T/R, 10 BT, 100 BT) ` Device Connect Submission Cord (RJ-11. RJ-45) 802. 15 7 NLOS Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) Wireless Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) Wireless Personal Area Networks PANs) R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Why Formalize the NAN? • Different solution space vis-à-vis existing access MAN/LAN frameworks: – – – • • New small cell outdoor propagation environment, physical plant New wireless distribution network economic paradigm New spectrum and resource assignment options Mix of MAN, LAN, and Ethernet-like network management LAN-like RF power levels, consistent with small cells, high rates Key to new local broadband distribution opportunities New performance bar: Wireless as good as wired Next level of access network cell size reduction Next-generation Ethernet synergies Submission 8 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Moving Toward a 4 G Broadband Common Air Interface Fourth-Generation BB Wireless Communications (LAN/NAN/MAN) First-Generation Wireless LANs · · · · F 1 F 1 Peer/Peer and Client/Server Small User Population Isolated "Cells" and User Groups Non-Contiguous Coverage Indoor Operation Limited Mobility Mostly Asynchronous Traffic Slower than Ethernet · · · · · LAN and NAN Architectural Elements 100 BT Ethernet Speeds Seamless Mobility Contiguous Coverage in Dense Areas Organic Growth Model Data, Voice, Multimedia Higher System Utilization/Reuse Enhanced Security Automatic Radio Resource Management F 1 Second-Generation Wireless LANs F 1 F 1 · Data-Centric Internet/Intranet · 10 BT Ethernet-Compatible Speeds · RF Channel Interference Control F 1 F 3 F 2 F 3 F 1 F 4 F 2 F 1 F 3 F 1 F 4 Third-Generation Wireless LANs/MANs F 1 F 2 F 3 Submission F 1 F 4 · Quality of Service · Cellular-Like Radio Resource Reuse · Handoffs 9 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Cell-Based Coverage Area Trends • • • Maritime Mobile HF Radio Service (~300 mi) Increased Bandwidth Demand/User Battery/Dissipation Device Constraints Moore’s Law Radios Increased Edge Intelligence Distributed Control Techniques 1, 000 100 Watts 1 G Macrocellular Systems (~8 mi) 10, 000 mi 2 100, 000 700 mi 2 Cell 10, 000 Radius (Feet) MJ-MK Mobile Telephone (~60 mi) Metroliner Train Telephone (~15 mi) The 3 G/Wi-Max “Sweet Spot” The 2 G “Sweet Spot” 2. 5 G Microcells (~2 mi) 1, 000 1960 1970 1980 1 Watt Mobile/ Portable Maximum Power Output 100 m. W. 01 mi 2 PCS Microcells (~0. 5 -2 mi) 1950 10 Watts 2 G Cellular Expanded Service (~4 mi) 1990 30 m. W WNAN/LAN Nanocells (~. 06 -. 2 mi) 2000 The 4 G “Sweet Spot” 2010 Year Submission 10 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 The Right Tool for the Right Job (in the Shannon Zone) Peak Data Rate Higher Rate, Less Mobility Megabits per Second/User 100 UWB 4 G H/S Wireless LAN 2. 4 & 5 GHz Unlicensed 10 4 G Wireless NAN 2. 4 & 5 GHz 1 Bluetooth 3 G/MAN Fixed or Pedestrian 3 G/802. 16 Wireless Various Bands Zigbee . 1 PANs Wider Area, More Mobility 3 G/MAN Mobile 2. 4 GHz and UWB Zigbee (US) 2. 5 G Mobile/Pedestrian 2/2, 5 G Wireless 800 MHz, 2 GHz Zigbee (Europe) Range 10 feet Submission 100 feet 1 mile 11 10 miles R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 A Glimpse at the NAN Propagation Environment 40 Slope transition breakpoint moves in as base height is reduced. (~500’ for 5 m pole, 3200’ for 80’ tower) 60 Path Loss, d. B 80 Operation beyond transition point requires disproportionately higher power to overcome loss and to sustain sufficient fade margin (Qo. S) 100 120 140 Typical Suburban Environment 160 Two-slope model 180 0. 01 0. 1 1 Distance from Base, Km 10 hb = 5 m Base Height hb = 25 m Base Height Median path loss, 5 m Median path loss, 25 m Client Antenna Height: 1. 8 m Low antenna height makes 1000’ cells a “sweet spot” for coverage, transmit power, and link predictability/availability. Submission 12 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Modeling the “Burbs” – The model is extended from work documented in Reference 1 – The model consists of two attenuation slopes and a break point for regeneration of propagation data. – The path gain at the break point is given by: – The path loss model: Submission 13 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Typical Measurement Environments Used for Model Submission 14 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 How Well Do Small Cell Models Work? 40 60 Path Loss, d. B 80 Data set representing measurements taken in particular neighborhood shown in overlay 100 120 140 160 180 0. 01 0. 1 1 Distance from Base, Km 10 Small cells can be modeled with more accuracy, and link predictability can be further enhanced by actual topographic/aerial information. Submission 15 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Broadband 4 G for The Campus and “The Burbs”: A Vision Submission 16 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 What Constitutes a NAN? • • • Primarily outdoor operation “Nanocells” (~1000’ radius) Low base antenna height (~18’) Mostly nomadic or fixed terminations Small Termination Group (100 -300 typ. ) High per-termination capacity (e. g. 10 BT) Strong Qo. S, Throughput Grooming/Controls “Access + Distribution” Mentality New Layout Paradigms – – – Submission Fusion of statistical and ray-traced coverage models Mix of stereoscopic photography, GPS-aided base placements Automated network formation Automated spectrum use Wired-like Service Level Agreements (SLAs) 17 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 A View of Small Cell vs. Large Cell Wireless Capital R = 3 km r = 1000’ (308 m), ~20% overlap by area There are ~125 NAN cells per 3 km MAN cell Cost of MAN Equipment, Antennas, Site Access Rights, Backhaul Allocation ($100, 000*) + Install ($50, 000*) + Spectrum (42 MHz (FDD, 6 sector) 23, 000 pops in 3 km cell with 30, 000 sq-ft lots and 2. 3 pops/house x $0. 10/MHz / POP ($100, 000+) = Total estimated installed cost of 3 km cell ($250, 000) $250, 000 / 125 is equivalent to $2000 per small cell base station, installed. Based on wireless LAN AP costs with fiber backhaul allocation and unlicensed Inexpensive computing and integrated radios have enabled spectrum, small massively cell approachparalleled vis-a-vis base stations yielding acceptable cost with network resiliency and higher-quality links. MAN microcell coverage appears economically viable. Submission 18 R. R. Miller, AT&T * Reference 3 + Estimated from FCC spectrum auctions 2000 -2003 & Reference 4

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Tackling the Backhaul Issue: A PON + NAN Hybrid Architecture R = 3 km 300’ Typical Suburban Block/Street Layout 300’ Point of Presence Local Concentration Point Network Aggregation Point r = 1000’(308 m), ~20% overlap by area Submission Wireless Aggregation Point Future FTTH Connection 19 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Why Isn’t a NAN a Small MAN? • “Tuned” for rate, not reach, in more predictable nanocell environment • Extreme hardware cost sensitivity • Large-cell capabilities not required: – – Mobility, fast handoffs, rate adaptation robs CAI efficiency Sophisticated ranging not required (short propagation time) Slotted operation not required (less multiplexing) Fewer simultaneous sessions • Less “statistical”, more “ 5 -9’s” diffuse-field coverage aim • Cognitive radio, zero-touch self-organization built-in • “Ethernet-extension” rather than “backhaul” view Submission 20 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Why Isn’t a NAN a Large LAN? • Primarily outdoor operation, nanocell propagation • Mostly fixed links, directive clients • Multi-tier (a link in a chain of links), not direct from wired POP to client – – • • • Treat penetration loss with separate in-prem LAN Transparency for Q-Ethernet / wireless-wireless bridging Supports all-wireless LAN/NAN/MAN multi-tier architecture Use MANs for backhaul (more efficient use for large cells) Mostly point-coordinated with more sophisticated Carrier-class performance controls Requires CAI-like system-level (management frame) security Multimedia service-provider mentality from inception Scaleability Critical Submission 21 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Suggested Scope of a NAN Standard • Spectrum and Management (including new spectrum opportunities) • PHY (May adopt elements of existing standards) • MAC (May adopt elements of existing standards) • Gateway Interface Transparency and Awareness Requirements (e. g MAN, LAN, Q-Ethernet) • Automatic Network Organization (e. g. 802. 11 k, v) • Access Control • Qo. S/SLA Administration • Security/Encryption • Emergency Provisions (e. g. priority access) Submission 22 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Bottom Line A NAN standard can open new architectural options while leveraging the best of both LAN and MAN technologies --- a solution based on small cells, Moore’s Law radios, and user value. It doesn’t seek to re-invent the wheel, just build a better car for going around the block. Submission 23 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Who Might Participate? • • • Operators/Carriers Regulation/Spectrum Rulemakers Local Governments Contemplating Broadband Infrastructure Equipment Vendors CPE Gateway Vendors VLSI Makers LAN Standards Contributors MAN Standards Contributors Enhanced Ethernet Standards Contributors Submission 24 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Suggested Next Steps • • Identification of interest group Formation of Study Group Discussion and Project Planning Scope Definition To join the community of interest, please contact: R. R. Miller AT&T Labs – Research Florham Park, NJ rrm@att. com or H. R. Worstell AT&T Labs – Research Florham Park, NJ hworstell@att. com Submission 25 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 Acronym / Terminology List BPL Client ECR DSL FSOC GPS HCCA H/S Facilities LAN LOS H/S L/S Facilities MAN Moore’s Law NAN NLOS PAN PLC PON POP Premises Passed PTMP PTP Microwave Q-Ethernet Qo. S Shannon SLA SONET T/P UWB VDSL VLSI WAN Submission Broadband Power Line Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneously Digital Subscriber Line Free Space Optic Communication Global Positioning System Hybrid Contention-Controlled Access High Speed Facilities Local Area Networks Line-of-Sight High Speed Low Speed Facilities Metropolitan Area Networks The observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future. Neighborhood Area Network Non-Line of Sight Personal Area Networks Power Line Carrier Passive Optical Network Point of Presence or Population (used for spectrum evaluation only) Premises in service area awaiting subscriber connection Point-to-Multipoint Microwave Point-to-Point Microwave Quality-of-Service [Enabled] Ethernet Quality of Service A Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude E. Shannon Subscriber Line Agreement Synchronous Optical Network Twisted Pair Ultra Wide-Band Very-high-rate Digital Subscriber Line Very Large Scale Integration Wide Area Network 26 R. R. Miller, AT&T

March 2005 doc. : IEEE 802. 11 -05/0173 r 0 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. “Urban and Suburban Out-of-Sight Propagation Modeling”, V. Erceg, D. L. Schilling, S. S. Ghassemzadeh, D. Li, M. Taylor, IEEE Communication Magazine, 1992. Broadband Wireless Access with Wi. MAX/802. 16: Current Performance Benchmarks and Future Potential, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2005 “Business Case Models for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access based on Wi. MAX Technology and the 802. 16 Standard, Wi. MAX Forum, October 10, 2004 “Evolution of Spectrum Valuation for Mobile Services Other Countries”, Lemay-Yates Associates Inc. , Canada, March 2003 WWISE, IEEE 802. 11 n Document 04/1505 r 0 WWISE, IEEE 802. 11 n Proposal-Nov Document 05/0080 r 0 WWISE, IEEE 802. 11 n Downselect Document 051591 r 3 TGn. Sync IEEE 802. 11 n Proposal Document 04/1506 TGn. Sync IEEE 802. 11 n Complete Proposal (Overview) Document 04/888 r 8 TGn. Sync IEEE 802. 11 n Complete Proposal Jan 05 IEEE Standard 802. 16 IEEE 802. 16 e Document P 80216 e_D 6 delta. zip IEEE 802. 16 Document P 80216 d Submission 27 R. R. Miller, AT&T