MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION FM 21 26

MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION FM 21 -26

DEFINITION OF A MAP IS A GEOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF A PORTION OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE DRAWN TO SCALE, AS SEEN FROM ABOVE. IT’S USES COLORS, SYMBOLS AND LABELS TO REPRESENT FEATURES FOUND ON THE GROUND.

PURPOSE OF A MAP PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE EXSISTENCE OF, THE LOCATION OF, AND THE DISTANCES BETWEEN GROUND FEATURES.

MAP SCALES LARGE: 1: 50, 000 MEDIUM: 1: 100, 000 SMALL: 1: 250, 000

COLORS OF THE MAP BLACK: MAN-MADE FEATURES, SUCH AS BUILDINGS AND ROADS. RED-BROWN: RELIEF FEATURES AND ELEVATION (CONTOUR LINES ON RED-LIGHT READABLE MAPS). BROWN: RELIEF FEATURES & ELEVATION (CONTOUR LINES ON OLDER MAPS). GREEN: VEGETATION (WOODS, ORCHARDS, VEGITATION). BLUE: DRAINAGE (WATER). RED: POPULATED AREAS, MAIN ROADS AND BOUNDARIES ON OLDER MAPS.

TERRAIN FEATURES • Five Major Hidden Valley Ranch Salad Dressing Hilltop, Valley, Ridge, Saddle, Depression • Three Minor Draw, Spur, Cliff • Two Supplementary Cut, Fill

HILL: AN AREA OF HIGH GROUND. FROM A HILLTOP, THE GROUND SLOPE DOWN IN ALL DIRECTIONS. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -9 (FIGURE 10 -17)

VALLEY: A STRETCHED-OUT GROOVE IN THE LAND, USUALLY FORMED BY STREAMS OR RIVERS. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -10 (FIGURE 10 -19)

RIDGE: A SLOPING LINE OF HIGH GROUND. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -11 (FIGURE 10 -20)

SADDLE: A DIP OR LOW POINT BETWEEN TWO AREAS OF HIGHER GROUND. FM 21 -26 PAGE 10 -11 (FIGURE 10 -18)

DEPRESSION: A LOW PO INT IN THE GROUND OR SINKHOLE. THEY ARE REPRESENTED BY CLOSE CONTOUR LINES THAT HAVE TICK MARKS POINTING TOWARD LOW GROUND. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -11 (FIGURE 10 -21)

DRAW: A LESS DEVELOPED STEAM COURSE THAN A VALLEY. THERE IS ESSENTIALLY NO LEVEL GROUND AND, THEREFORE, LITTLE OR NO MANEUVER ROOM WITHIN ITS CONFINES. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -12 (FIGURE 10 -22)

SPUR: A SHORT, CONTINUOUS SLOPING LINE OF HIGHER GROUND, NORMALLY JUTTING OUT FROM THE SIDE OF A RIDGE. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -12 (FIGURE 10 -23)

CLIFF: A VERTICAL OR NEAR VERTICAL FEATURE; IT IS AN ABRUPT CHANGE OF THE LAND. THE SLOPE IS SO STEEP THAT THE CONTOUR LINES CONVERGE INTO ONE CONTOUR LINE OR THE LAST CONTOUR LINE HAS TICK MARKS POINTING TO LOW GROUND. FM 21 -26: PAGE 10 -13 (FIGURE 10 -24 A & B)

CUT: A MAN-MADE FEATURE RESULTIING FROM CUTTING THROUGH RAISED GROUND, USUALLY TO FROM A LEVEL BED FOR A ROAD OR RAILROAD TRACK. FILL: A MAN-MADE FEATURE RESULTING FROM FILLING A LOW AREA, USUALLY TO FORM A LEVEL BED FOR A ROAD OR RAILROAD TRACK.

STP 21 -1 -SMCT PAGE 30 -31 (FIGURE 4 -5)

CONTOUR LINES ELEVATION IN METERS Three types of contour lines Intermediate: Are contour lines located between two index lines. Supplementary: Are contour lines placed to specify half of the contour interval. Index: Are major EXAMPLE: elevation points and have the CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 meters elevation number written withing the contour. 100 m 120 m 130 m and 140 m (ex. 100 m, 200 m, 300 m) SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOURS 10 meters 200

FINDING POINTS • (Orient the map) • Compass or Terrain Association • (Compass Technique) • Cheek and Center hold methods • (Grid Coordinates) • Grid Zone Designator (RP) and Number sequence » FOUR DIGIT, SIX DIGIT or EIGHT DIGIT • Remember RIGHT then UP • DEAD RECKONING

Compass Technique COMPASS TO CHEEK METHOD CENTER HOLD METHOD The to cheek Thecompass Center hold method technique is used is much faster but is almost exclusively also less precise. for sighting and is the best technique for this purpose.

ORIENTING THE MAP A MAP IS ORIENTED WHEN IT IS IN A HORIZONTAL POSITION WITH ITS NORTH/SOUTH CORESPONDING TO THE NORTH/ SOUTH ON THE GROUND

MILITARY PROTRACTOR BASE LINE DEGREES MILS THE GTA 5 -2 -12 IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED PROTRACTOR FOR MAP READING. FM 21 -26: PAGE 6 -4 & 6 -5 (FIGURE 6 -6 & 6 -7) INDEX

GRID COORDINATES To locate any coordinate: Must go RIGHT then UP Four Digit Coordinate Location Within 1000 m (RP 5904)

GRID PRECISION Six Digit Coordinates Locate a point within 100 meters Eight Digit Coordinates Locate a point within 10 meters

RP 59850432

VGT 5

VGT 7

Stations: TERRAIN IDENTIFICATION TEST 1) Shoot two azimuths, either in MILS or DEGS using both methods. 2) a) Given a known point ID its 4 -Digit or 8 -Digit coordinate. 3) a) Find Pace Count. b) Given a 4 digit and an 8 digit coordinate plot both points and ID the Feature or structure.

TERRAIN FEATURES • Five Major Hilltop, Valley, Ridge, Saddle, Depression • Three Minor Draw, Spur, Cliff • Two Supplementary Cut, Fill