MAP PROJECTION KIOT KIOT MAP PROJECTION Introduction Map

MAP PROJECTION KIOT

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MAP PROJECTION Introduction • Map Projections is the Techniques have Created Threedimensional roughly Spherical Surface into Twodimensional Flat Surfaces with Minimal Distortion KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Map Projections • Map Projections are Representations of a Curved Earth on a Flat Map Surface • A Map Projection Defines the Units and Characteristics of a Coordinate System • Three Basic types of Map Projections are Conical, Cylindrical and Azimuthal KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Map Projections • Lat. & Long. are circle in nature of Globe but in mapping should straight line concept • A paper should not match with exactly in Globe • The projection changed to location & area of the land KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Map Projections • The important function of the Projection is – Area should be accurate – Direction should be correct – Shape should be correct KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Types of Projections • Conic (Albers Equal Area, Lambert Conformal Conic) good for East-West land areas • Cylindrical (Transverse Mercator) - good for North. South land areas • Azimuthal (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) - good for global views KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Conic Projections (Albers, Lambert) KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Conic Projections KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Cylindrical Projections (Mercator) Transverse Oblique KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Cylindrical Projections KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Azimuthal (Lambert) KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Azimuthal KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Map Projections • A Projection System is like wrapping a flat sheet of paper around the Earth • Data are then Projected from the Earth’s surface to the paper • Select a map Projection based on the size area that you need to show • Projection selection based on the shape of the area KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Map Projections • All map projections distort the earth’s surface to some extent. They all stretch and compress the earth in some direction • No projection is best overall KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Mercator Projections • The Mercator Projection is the only Projection in which a straight line represents a true direction • On Mercator maps, distances and areas are greatly distorted near the poles • Continents are greatly distorted KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Equal Area Projections • Projections that preserve area are called equivalent or equal area • Equal area Projections are good for small scale maps (Large Areas) • Equal-area Projections distort the shape of objects KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Conformal Map Projections • Projections that maintain local angles are called Conformal • Conformal maps preserve angles • Conformal maps show small features accurately but distort the shapes and areas of large regions • Examples: Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Conic Projections (Lambert) Simple Conic Projection KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Cylindrical Projections Transverse Mercator Projection KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Cylindrical Projection: Conformal Property Cylindrical Projection: Equal Area KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Cylindrical Projections Equidistant KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Azimuthal (Polar Equal Area) Azimuthal (Equidistant) KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Conformal Map Projections • The area of Greenland is approximately 1/8 that of South America. However on a Mercator map, Greenland South America appear to have the same area • Greenland’s shape is distorted KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Why is this Important? • Creating spatial data (collecting GPS data) • Import into GIS and overlay with other layers • Acquiring spatial data from other sources • Display your GPS data using maps • View the particular location to other location in a plane view KIOT

MAP PROJECTION KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Spheroids and Geoids • The rotation of the earth generates a centrifugal force that causes the surface of the oceans to protrude more at the equator than at the poles • This causes the shape of the earth to be an ellipsoid or a spheroid, and not a sphere • The nonuniformity of the earth’s shape is described by the term geoid. The geoid is essentially an ellipsoid with a highly irregular surface; a geoid resembles a potato KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Mean Sea Level is a surface of constant gravitational potential called the Geoid Sea surface Ellipsoid Earth surface Geoid KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Geodesy • Geodesy also named Geotetic branch of Earth Science • Scientific discipline deals with measurement and representation of Earth • Including Gravitational field in a three dimensional varing KIOT

MAP PROJECTION KIOT

MAP PROJECTION Universal Transverse Mercator • In the 1940 s, the US Army developed the Universal Transverse Mercator System, a series of 120 zones (coordinate systems) to cover the whole world • The system is based on the Transverse Mercator Projection • Each zone is six degrees wide. Sixty zones cover the Northern Hemisphere, and each zone has a projection distortion of less than one part in 3000 KIOT

MAP PROJECTION UTM Zones • Zone 1 Longitude Start and End Linear Units Central Meridian Latitude of Origin : : 180 W to 174 W Meter 177 W Equator KIOT

MAP PROJECTION UTM Zones • Zone 2 Longitude Start and End Linear Unit Central Meridian Latitude of Origin : : 174 W to 168 W Meter 171 W Equator KIOT

MAP PROJECTION UTM Zones • Zone 13 Colorado Longitude Start and End Linear Unit Central Meridian Latitude of Origin : : 108 W to 102 W Meter 105 W Equator KIOT

MAP PROJECTION KIOT