Manifest Destiny Map of United States Circa 1830

Manifest Destiny Map of United States Circa 1830

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American Progress – Manifest Destiny 3 If the painting is about Manifest Destiny – What is Manifest Destiny?

American Progress This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress, is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. Here Columbia, intended as a personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she travels; she holds a school book. The different economic activities of the pioneers are highlighted and, especially, the changing forms of transportation. The Native Americans and wild animals flee.

MANIFEST DESTINY • First used by John O’Sullivan, a newspaper editor, in 1845 • It was the idea that Americans were destined to extend across the continent – from sea to shining sea

Understanding Manifest Destiny "(It is). . our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty" -John O'Sullivan Democrat Editor of 'The Morning Post‘ – 1840’s 6

Manifest Destiny in 1840 s America Once the concept had been given the name 'Manifest Destiny' it became widely used, appearing in newspapers, debates, paintings and advertisements. It became the leading light for westward expansion 7

So…how has our nation grown? 8

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • Along Atlantic Coast Acquired In Step 1 – Original 13 States • 1776 Acquired From • Great Britain Acquired Because • Independence was declared from Great Britain (D of I) 9 1

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • East of the Mississippi River (Ohio River Valley) Acquired In • 1783 Acquired From • Great Britain Acquired Because • 10 Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the Revolution and gave U. S. control of land west of the Appalachian Mountains Step 2 – Treaty of Paris 1783

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • East of the Rocky Mountains and West of the Mississippi River Acquired In • 1803 Acquired From • France Acquired Because • President Jefferson paid Napoleon $15 million for the land 11 Step 3 – Louisiana Purchase 1803

• Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million • Control of New Orleans = Control of Mississippi River • It DOUBLED the size of the U. S. • Explored by Lewis & Clark with Sacajawea

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • Northern U. S. ; bordered by Great Lakes and Canada Acquired In • 1818 Acquired From • Great Britain Acquired Because • Establish a firm border between British Canada & U. S. at 49 th parallel 13 Step 4 – British Cession 1818

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • SE U. S. ; bordered by Atlantic Ocean & Gulf of Mexico Acquired In • 1819 Acquired From • Spain Acquired Because • The Adams-Onis Treaty avoided a war with Spain/crisis with Seminole Indians 14 Step 5 – Spanish Cession 1819

Thinking Question? ? Why weren’t Americans happy with the size of their country at this point in their history? 15

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • Southern U. S. ; bordered by Gulf of Mexico Acquired In • 1845 Acquired From • Texas Acquired Because • Texas wanted to enter as a slave state; Maine wanted to enter as a free state 16 Step 6 – Texas 1845

Step 2 – Treaty of Paris 1783

Texas Declaration of Independence March 6, 1836

The Lone Star Republic • Texas wins independence on April 21, 1836 • Not allowed to immediately join the U. S. (was a slave state) • Was the Lone Star Republic for 9 years • Joined the U. S. as the 28 th state in 1845

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • NW U. S. ; bordered by Pacific Ocean Acquired In • 1846 Acquired From • Great Britain Acquired Because • Americans wanted to move there for fur trapping, fishing, logging, etc. 20 Step 7 – Oregon Country 1846

Oregon Country • England the U. S. shared the entire territory • “Mountain Men” lived there • They hunted and sold beaver pelts and animal skins for lots of $$$ • Eventually there were no beavers left and the mountain men became farmers or guides

Why did the U. S. want Oregon? • Settlers began to head there in the 1830 s • Fertile land • New opportunities

The Oregon Trail • Oregon fever began in the 1840 s • Mississippi valley people began to form societies to discuss trips to Oregon • Great Migration – emigrants left U. S. to go to Oregon, usually in covered wagon trains

Trails Westward

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

Pioneers Heading West to Oregon

Oregon Population Growth • 1840 – only 500 Americans • 1845 – 5, 000 Americans (but only 700 British) • Americans thought the U. S. should own all of Oregon because it had more people living there • “Fifty-four, forty, or fight!” became the war cry • Compromise – placed boundary between U. S. and British territory at the 49 th parallel

Oregon Country • What We Wanted • What We Got

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • Southwest U. S. Acquired In • 1848 Acquired From • Mexico Acquired Because • Treaty of Guadalupe. Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, which Mexico lost 30 Step 8 – Mexican Cession 1848

Causes of the Mexican War n n n Manifest Destiny Texas Annexation by the United States Boundary dispute between Mexico and the U. S. over the boundary of Texas

Rio Grande boundary Nueces River boundary

The Mexican War (1846 -1848)

Support of the War n n n For many Americans the war led to greater national pride Many people who supported the war believed it would spread republican values Many southerners supported the war, thinking any territory won would be organized into slave states

Opposition to the War n n n Many members of the Whig Party thought the conflict was unjustified Northern abolitionists feared any territory gained in the war might be organized into slave states Illinois Congressman Abraham Lincoln wrote the “Spot Resolutions” in 1848– asking Polk to show the spot where American blood had been shed on American soil

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848 • Mexico loses – gives up HUGE territory Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

Treaty Provisions • Mexico gave up claims to Texas and accepted Rio Grande as US/Mexico border • Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico Territory – this meant we gained all the area we know today as Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona! • U. S. agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay debts of Mexico to U. S. citizens

Effects of Mexican-American War • U. S. gains control of greater southwest • Opens southwest up to settlement • Allows for greater debate over the expansion of slavery (would it be allowed in the new territory? )

U. S. Territorial Expansion Location • Along SW border between U. S. and Mexico Acquired In • 1853 Acquired From • Mexico Acquired Because • U. S. needed it to build a transcontinental railroad to California 41 Step 9 – Gadsden Purchase 1853

Westward Expansion Complete!!! 7 British Cession 3 8 4 2 6 1 1776 Treaty of Paris 9 5 Spanish Cession

How did it start? • James Marshall was building a sawmill for John Sutter • Saw something shiny • Small shiny things • GOLD !!!!!!! • Tried to keep the secret (like that’s gonna happen!)

Gold at Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

’ 49 ers • Gold seekers began arriving in California in 1849 • Wanted to get rich quick • They were farmers, lawyers, priests, doctors, etc. • Americans were 80% of 49 ers • People came from all over the world!

California Gold Rush, 1849

California Gold Rush, 1849 • Boomtowns – gold communities • California Gold Rush doubled world’s supply of gold • But – few miners ever got rich!!! • Merchants made huge profits – eggs $10/dozen • Levi Strauss started his business of making blue jeans!

California becomes a state • Applied for statehood in 1850 • Easily had 60, 000 to qualify (remember the Northwest Ordinance!)

Mormon Migration • Brigham Young – founder of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (aka Mormons) • 1844 – left Illinois • Move near Great Salt Lake – 1846 • Migration west began • 12, 000 Mormons start journey • Largest single migration in American history

Brigham Young

Mormon Route

Moving West…

Mormon Settlement • Planned towns carefully in desert • Built irrigation canals • Farming & industry • Learned salt extraction (Great Salt Lake) • Sold supplies to 49 ers

Overland Migration to the West • Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250, 000 people made the trek westward